Appendix Table 1. Baseline Balance across Baseline Measures Between High and Low Cash Gift Groups.

Full Sample (n = 1000)

Full Sample (n = 1000)
	Low Cash Gift		High Cash Gift		Std Mean Difference
	Mean (sd)	N	Mean (sd)	N	Hedges’ g	Cox’s Index	p-value
Child is female	0.50	600	0.48	400		−0.06	0.458
Child weight at birth (pounds)	7.13	599	7.09	399	−0.04		0.567
	(1.08)		(1.01)
Child gestational age (weeks)	39.09	596	39.04	399	−0.04		0.512
	(1.25)		(1.24)
Mother age at birth (years)	26.80	600	27.38	400	0.10		0.113
	(5.82)		(5.86)
Mother education (years)	11.88	593	11.88	398	−0.00		0.978
	(2.83)		(2.96)
Mother race/ethnicity: white, non-Hispanic	0.11	600	0.09	400		−0.17	0.128
Mother race/ethnicity: Black, non-Hispanic	0.40	600	0.44	400		0.11	0.091
Mother race/ethnicity: multiple, non-Hispanic	0.04	600	0.03	400		−0.18	0.369
Mother race/ethnicity: other or unknown	0.05	600	0.03	400		−0.37	0.066
Mother race/ethnicity: Hispanic	0.41	600	0.41	400		0.01	0.594
Mother marital status: never married	0.42	600	0.49	400		0.18	0.024
Mother marital status: single, living with partner	0.26	600	0.22	400		−0.14	0.119
Mother marital status: married	0.21	600	0.21	400		0.02	0.791
Mother marital status: divorced/separated	0.05	600	0.03	400		−0.37	0.064
Mother marital status: other or unknown	0.06	600	0.04	400		−0.18	0.400
Mother health is good or better	0.88	600	0.92	400		0.25	0.041
Mother depression (CESD)	0.68	600	0.69	400	0.02		0.805
	(0.45)		(0.46)
Cigarettes per week during pregnancy	5.05	595	3.45	397	−0.09		0.111
	(21.17)		(11.76)
Alcohol drinks per week during pregnancy	0.17	598	0.03	399	−0.11		0.052
	(1.63)		(0.39)
Number of children born to mother	2.40	600	2.53	400	0.09		0.146
	(1.38)		(1.41)
Number of adults in household	2.12	600	2.03	400	−0.09		0.156
	(1.00)		(0.96)
Biological father lives in household	0.40	600	0.35	400		−0.12	0.154
Household combined income	22,466	562	20,918	370	−0		0.219
	(21,360)		(16,146)
Household income unknown	0.06	600	0.07	400		0.14	0.482
Household net worth	−1,981	531	−3,308	358	−0		0.423
	(28,640)		(20,323)
Household net worth unknown	0.12	600	0.10	400		−0.09	0.644
Joint Test: Chi2(30)= 34.02, p-value= 0.238, n=1000.

Notes: P-values were derived from a series of OLS bivariate regressions in which each respective baseline characteristic was regressed on the treatment status indicator using robust standard errors and site-level fixed effects. The bivariate regressions were also run without site-level fixed effects, and the p-values differed on average by 0.011. The p-values without fixed effects do not appear in the table. The joint test of orthogonality was conducted using a probit model with robust standard errors and site-level fixed effects.

Standardized mean differences were calculated using Hedges’ g for continuous variables and Cox’s Index for dichotomous variables.

If there were more than 10 missing cases for a covariate, missing data dummies were included in the table and the joint test. If fewer than 10 cases were missing, missing data dummies were not included in the table but were included in the joint test.

Chi-square tests of independence were conducted for the two categorical variables: mother race/ethnicity and mother marital status. For both tests, p>0.05