TABLE 2.

Summary of the contemporary clinical uses of S. officinalis.

No.	Type and number of participants	Herbal constituents	Herbal drug effects	References
1	1822 patients with bleeding haemorrhoids	Radix Sanguisorbae formulations	stop bleeding from haemorrhoids	Gan et al. (2010)
	(age range,17–87 years old)
2	21 healthy Japanese women	S. officinalis root extract and ziyuglycoside I	anti-wrinkle activity on human facial skin	Yoshida et al. (2018)
	(age range, 34–56 years old)
3	20 females in good general health	ziyuglycoside I	anti-wrinkle activity	Kim et al. (2008)
	(age range, 35–53 years old)
4	120 confirmed diagnosis of steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis	Radix Sanguisorbae formulations	steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis	Zheng et al. (2017)
	(age range, 18–65 years old)
5	60 patients with mild-to-moderately initial onset or relapsed active ulcerative colitis (UC)	Enema of Guanchang Recipe (6 herbs including Radix Sanguisorbae)	treat active UC	He et al. (2012)
	(age range, 28–52 years old)