Table 3.

Estimation of the hazard ratio of ADs by using Cox proportional hazard regression in age and sex matched population.

	Univariate modeling		Multiple modeling
	HR	95% CI	aHR	95% CI
Exposure of IC/BPS (reference: non-IC/BPS)	1.595	1.308–1.945	1.409	1.152–1.725
Age at index date (reference: <30)
30–45	1.443	1.183–1.760	1.358	1.112–1.657
45–60	1.836	1.511–2.231	1.632	1.338–1.991
≥60	2.399	1.978–2.910	2.007	1.628–2.473
Sex- Male (reference: Female)	0.675	0.585–0.778	0.750	0.649–0.867
Urbanization (reference: Urban)
Sub-urban	1.058	0.944–1.185	1.054	0.940–1.181
Rural	0.995	0.833–1.189	0.919	0.768–1.100
Co-morbidities
Hypertension	1.469	1.298–1.662	0.986	0.849–1.146
Diabetes mellitus	1.485	1.254–1.758	1.028	0.849–1.244
Hyperlipidemia	1.538	1.313–1.801	1.125	0.941–1.344
Coronary artery disease	1.610	1.334–1.943	1.107	0.901–1.359
Stroke	1.253	0.950–1.653	0.846	0.634–1.128
Chronic kidney disease	1.915	1.504–2.439	1.451	1.128–1.866
COPD	1.621	1.353–1.942	1.252	1.036–1.512
Chronic liver diseases	1.405	1.176–1.678	1.108	0.917–1.339
Atopic dermatitis	1.412	0.927–2.151	1.262	0.827–1.925
Allergic rhinitis	1.228	1.023–1.474	1.131	0.940–1.362
Hepatitis B virus infection	1.114	0.709–1.752	0.983	0.621–1.555
Hepatitis C virus infection	1.694	0.959–2.989	1.227	0.689–2.186
Depression	1.819	1.575–2.100	1.477	1.271–1.718

IC/BPS, interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome; ADs, autoimmune diseases; HR, hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.