Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of study subjects.
| Before PSM | After PSM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| iDGX (N = 348) | cDGX (N = 386) | P -value | iDGX (N = 321) | cDGX (N = 321) | P -value | ||
| Male: female | 105:243 | 126:260 | 0.472 | 95:226 | 99:222 | 0.731 | |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 47.4 ± 16.2 | 45.6 ± 15.5 | 0.117 | 47.2 ± 16.3 | 45.7 ± 15.4 | 0.206 | |
| Age of surgery (years) | 47.1 ± 11.1 | 45.6 ± 15.5 | 0.904 | 47.4 ± 11.0 | 47.7 ± 11.5 | 0.852 | |
| Disease duration (years, N/%) | Duration <1 | 68 (19.5) | 60 (15.5) | 0.176 | 55 (17.1) | 53 (16.5) | 0.402 |
| 1 ≤ Duration < 5 | 86 (24.7) | 84 (21.8) | 78 (24.3) | 68 (21.2) | |||
| 5 ≤ Duration < 10 | 52 (14.9) | 55 (14.2) | 49 (15.3) | 42 (13.1) | |||
| 10 ≤ Duration < 15 | 62 (17.8) | 69 (17.9) | 60 (18.7) | 57 (17.8) | |||
| Duration ≥ 15 | 80 (23.0) | 118 (30.6) | 79 (24.6) | 101 (31.5) | |||
| Follow-up (years) | 5.9 (3.5, 9.3) | 5.6 (3.2, 9.7) | 0.701 | 6.1 (3.6, 9.5) | 5.7 (3.3, 9.8) | 0.598 | |
| Average daily dose of DGX (μg) | 125 (125, 125) | 125 (125, 125) | 0.423 | 125 (125, 125) | 125 (125, 125) | 0.872 | |
| Cumulative use time of DGX (years) | 4.0 (1.8, 6.7) | 5.7 (2.7, 9.0) | <0.001 | 3.1 (1.4, 6.5) | 5.7 (3.3, 9.7) | <0.001 | |
| Smoking (N/%) | 35 (10.1) | 47 (12.2) | 0.363 | 29 (9.0) | 38 (11.8) | 0.245 | |
| Drinking (N/%) | 39 (11.2) | 48 (12.4) | 0.607 | 33 (10.3) | 39 (12.1) | 0.453 | |
| SBP at initial diagnosis (mmHg) | 119.9 ± 10.0 | 121.6 ± 11.1 | 0.025 | 119.9 ± 10.2 | 121.5 ± 11.4 | 0.070 | |
| DBP at initial diagnosis (mmHg) | 72.6 ± 10.7 | 74.9 ± 10.8 | 0.004 | 72.5 ± 10.8 | 73.2 ± 8.8 | 0.364 | |
| HR at initial diagnosis (bpm) | 82 ± 18 | 85 ± 17 | 0.042 | 82 ± 18 | 84 ± 16 | 0.175 | |
| Cardiac valve damage (N/%) | |||||||
| (AI) Valve damage (stenosis or regurgitation) types (single: combined) | 165:183 | 170:216 | 0.360 | 163:158 | 151:170 | 0.343 | |
| (A-II) Types of single valve damage | MV | 153 (92.7) | 158 (92.9) | 0.090 | 151 (92.6) | 140 (92.7) | 0.109 |
| AV | 8 (4.8) | 12 (7.1) | 8 (4.9) | 11 (7.3) | |||
| TV | 4 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| (A-III) Types of combined valve damage | MV+AV | 99 (54.1) | 105 (48.6) | 0.506 | 78 (49.4) | 81 (47.6) | 0.919 |
| MV+TV | 49 (26.8) | 68 (31.5) | 46 (29.1) | 53 (31.2) | |||
| MV+AV+TV | 35 (19.1) | 43 (19.9) | 34 (21.5) | 36 (21.2) | |||
| (B-I) MS | 245 (70.4) | 297 (76.9) | 0.044 | 228 (71.0) | 245 (76.3) | 0.128 | |
| (B-II) MS degree | Mild | 135 (55.1) | 160 (53.9) | 0.813 | 125 (54.8) | 135 (55.1) | 0.669 |
| Moderate | 69 (28.2) | 81 (27.3) | 67 (29.4) | 65 (26.5) | |||
| Severe | 41 (16.7) | 56 (18.9) | 36 (15.8) | 45 (18.4) | |||
| (C-I) MR | 210 (60.3) | 208 (53.9) | 0.078 | 198 (61.7) | 178 (55.5) | 0.109 | |
| (C-II) MR degree | Mild | 75 (35.7) | 80 (38.5) | 0.495 | 69 (34.8) | 67 (37.6) | 0.582 |
| Moderate | 58 (27.6) | 47 (22.6) | 56 (28.3) | 42 (23.6) | |||
| Severe | 77 (36.7) | 81 (38.9) | 73 (36.9) | 69 (38.8) | |||
| (D-I) AS | 84 (24.1) | 94 (24.4) | 0.946 | 74 (23.1) | 78 (24.3) | 0.710 | |
| (D-II) AS degree | Mild | 50 (59.5) | 50 (53.2) | 0.445 | 43 (58.1) | 41 (52.6) | 0.591 |
| Moderate | 25 (29.8) | 28 (29.8) | 22 (29.7) | 23 (29.5) | |||
| Severe | 9 (10.7) | 16 (17.0) | 9 (12.2) | 14 (17.9) | |||
| (E-I) AR | 125 (35.9) | 136 (35.2) | 0.846 | 108 (33.6) | 109 (34.0) | 0.934 | |
| (E-II) AR degree | Mild | 60 (48.0) | 62 (45.6) | 0.437 | 53 (49.1) | 48 (44.0) | 0.374 |
| Moderate | 48 (38.4) | 61 (44.9) | 40 (37.0) | 50 (45.9) | |||
| Severe | 17 (13.6) | 13 (9.6) | 15 (13.9) | 11 (10.1) | |||
| (F-I) TR | 88 (25.3) | 111 (28.8) | 0.291 | 84 (26.2) | 89 (27.7) | 0.656 | |
| (F-II) TR degree | Mild | 29 (33.0) | 39 (35.1) | 0.089 | 27 (32.1) | 31 (34.8) | 0.137 |
| Moderate | 35 (39.8) | 29 (26.1) | 34 (40.5) | 24 (27.0) | |||
| Severe | 24 (27.3) | 43 (38.7) | 23 (27.4) | 34 (38.2) | |||
| (G-I) PAH | 241 (69.3) | 285 (73.8) | 0.169 | 227 (70.7) | 239 (74.5) | 0.228 | |
| (G-II) PAH degree | Mild | 141 (58.5) | 154 (54.0) | 0.161 | 130 (57.3) | 134 (56.3) | 0.657 |
| Moderate | 72 (29.9) | 81 (28.4) | 70 (30.8) | 69 (29.0) | |||
| Severe | 28 (11.6) | 50 (17.5) | 27 (11.9) | 35 (14.7) | |||
| Surgical intervention (N/%) | |||||||
| (A) Valve replacement (tissue or mechanical prosthesis) | MV | 109 (65.7) | 145 (70.4) | 0.265 | 107 (70.4) | 120 (71.4) | 0.450 |
| AV | 5 (3.0) | 12 (5.8) | 4 (2.6) | 10 (6.0) | |||
| MV+AV | 49 (29.5) | 47 (22.8) | 39 (25.7) | 36 (21.4) | |||
| MV+TV | 3 (1.8) | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.3) | 2 (1.2) | |||
| (B) Valve repair | MV | 18 (69.2) | 12 (41.4) | 0.014 | 18 (69.2) | 8 (47.1) | 0.094 |
| TV | 5 (19.2) | 17 (58.6) | 5 (19.2) | 9 (52.9) | |||
| AV | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| MV+TV | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| NYHA (N/%) | I | 45 (12.9) | 49 (12.7) | <0.001 | 41 (12.8) | 49 (15.3) | 0.001 |
| II | 133 (38.2) | 102 (26.4) | 126 (39.3) | 87 (27.1) | |||
| III | 138 (39.7) | 165 (42.7) | 124 (38.6) | 128 (39.9) | |||
| IV | 30 (9.2) | 70 (18.1) | 30 (9.3) | 57 (17.8) | |||
| Medical condition (N/%) | |||||||
| HT | 102 (29.3) | 84 (21.8) | 0.019 | 93 (29.0) | 78 (24.3) | 0.181 | |
| CHD | 20 (5.7) | 32 (8.3) | 0.180 | 17 (5.3) | 26 (8.1) | 0.155 | |
| T2D | 42 (12.1) | 35 (9.1) | 0.185 | 38 (11.8) | 30 (9.3) | 0.305 | |
| AF | 122 (35.1) | 171 (44.2) | 0.011 | 119 (37.1) | 134 (41.7) | 0.226 | |
| Stroke | 40 (11.5) | 41 (10.6) | 0.706 | 39 (12.1) | 38 (11.8) | 0.903 | |
| Combined medication (N/%) | |||||||
| Antiplatelet drugs | 60 (17.2) | 60 (15.5) | 0.535 | 56 (17.4) | 52 (16.2) | 0.673 | |
| Warfarin | 218 (62.6) | 216 (56.0) | 0.066 | 202 (62.9) | 182 (56.7) | 0.107 | |
| Diuretics | 182 (52.3) | 280 (66.4) | <0.001 | 181 (56.4) | 204 (63.6) | 0.064 | |
| Nitrates | 42 (12.1) | 56 (14.5) | 0.332 | 42 (13.1) | 48 (15.0) | 0.495 | |
| RSIs | 171 (49.1) | 153 (39.6) | 0.010 | 154 (48.0) | 146 (45.5) | 0.527 | |
| BBs | 127 (36.5) | 120 (31.1) | 0.122 | 118 (36.8) | 107 (33.3) | 0.363 | |
| MRA | 176 (50.6) | 249 (64.5) | <0.001 | 172 (53.6) | 196 (61.1) | 0.055 | |
| CCBs | 42 (12.1) | 29 (7.5) | 0.037 | 38 (11.8) | 28 (8.7) | 0.194 | |
| Statins | 40 (11.5) | 41 (10.6) | 0.706 | 37 (11.5) | 36 (11.2) | 0.901 | |
The bold values mean P value < 0.05.