Table 2.
Multivariable-adjusted absolute concentration (95% CI) of circulating biomarkers of insulin response/IGF signaling in quintiles of the dietary indices.
| Statistical modela,b | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 |
Percentage difference:
Q5 – Q1 |
FDR P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) score quintiles | |||||||
| Glucose, mg/dLc (n = 21,669) | 95.3 (94.2, 96.4) | 96.1 (95.0, 97.2) | 96.6 (95.5, 97.7) | 97.5 (96.3, 98.6) | 99.0 (97.9, 100.2) | 3.8 (3.0, 4.7) | 1.30E-29 |
| Insulin, uIU/mLc(n = 23,756) | 8.4 (8.0, 8.8) | 8.8 (8.4, 9.2) | 9.0 (8.6, 9.4) | 9.6 (9.2, 10.1) | 10.1 (9.7, 10.6) | 18.7 (15.4, 22.0) | 1.30E-29 |
| C-peptide, ng/mLc (n = 943) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) | 1.6 (1.2, 1.69) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) | 14.8 (2.8, 26.7) | 0.008 |
| HOMA-IRd (n = 19,865) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.0) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 2.3 (2.2, 2.4) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.6) | 23.0 (19.4, 26.6) | 1.30E-29 |
| HOMA-βd (n = 19,865) | 96.5 (92.3, 100.8) | 98.2 (94.0, 102.6) | 100.0 (95.8, 104.4) | 103.8 (99.4, 108.4) | 104.7 (100.2, 109.3) | 8.2 (5.0, 11.4) | 3.71E-11 |
| IGFd-1, ng/mLc (n = 3,126) | 86.7 (57.6, 127.4) | 79.7 (53.6, 118.5) | 75.8 (50.9, 112.8) | 78.5 (52.9, 116.6) | 85.8 (57.8, 127.5) | 0.2 (−10.4, 10.8) | 0.777 |
| IGFBPd1, ng/Lc (n = 993) | 20.0 (14.4, 27.8) | 19.3 (13.9, 26.7) | 19.1 (13.7, 26.6) | 16.8 (12.1, 23.3) | 15.8 (11.4, 21.9) | −23.4 (−41.6, −5.3) | 0.0003 |
| IGFBP3, ng/mL (n = 2,349) | 3,297 (2,867, 3,792) | 3,481 (3,030, 3,999) | 3,280 (2,853, 3,770) | 3,389 (2,950, 3,893) | 3,316 (2,891, 3,804) | 0.6 (−6.2, 7.4) | 0.777 |
| IGFBP4, ng/mLc (n = 354) | 502 (401, 629) | 444 (358, 552) | 512 (408, 642) | 538 (433, 669) | 516 (415, 642) | 2.7 (−15.0, 20.4) | 0.355 |
| free IGF-1, ng/mLc (n = 2,203) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.90) | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.95) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.92) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.95) | 6.0 (−9.1, 21.1) | 0.712 |
| Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDIP) score quintiles | |||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL (n = 21,669) | 95.7 (94.6, 96.8) | 96.3 (95.2, 97.4) | 96.0 (94.9, 97.1) | 97.4 (96.3, 98.6) | 98.4 (97.3, 99.5) | 2.8 (1.9, 3.6) | 2.26E-14 |
| Insulin, uIU/mL (n = 23,756) | 8.4 (8.0, 8.8) | 8.7 (8.3, 9.1) | 9.0 (8.6, 9.4) | 9.4 (9.0, 9.8) | 9.9 (9.5, 10.3) | 16.0 (12.6, 19.4) | 1.03E-28 |
| C-peptide, ng/mL (n = 943) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 4.7 (−7.4, 16.8) | 0.135 |
| HOMA-IR (n = 19,865) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.5) | 18.6 (15.0, 22.3) | 1.30E-29 |
| HOMA-β (n = 19,865) | 96.0 (91.9, 100.4) | 97.8 (93.6, 102.2) | 101.6 (97.3, 106.2) | 101.4 (97.1, 105.9) | 104.0 (99.7, 108.6) | 8.0 (4.7, 11.3) | 3.49E-10 |
| IGF-1, ng/mL (n = 3,126) | 80.0 (53.6, 118.9) | 83.4 (56.0, 124.2) | 78.8 (53.0, 117.2) | 81.9 (55.1, 121.8) | 83.7 (56.4, 124.3) | 4.7 (−5.9, 15.4) | 0.955 |
| IGFBP1, ng/L (n = 993) | 19.6 (14.0, 27.3) | 19.6 (14.1, 27.3) | 17.2 (12.4, 24.1) | 16.6 (11.9, 23.2) | 17.7 (12.8, 24.5) | −10.0 (−28.5, 8.6) | 0.077 |
| IGFBP3, ng/mL (n = 2,349) | 3,274 (2,847, 3,763) | 3,328 (2,895, 3,826) | 3,425 (2,981, 3,935) | 3,344 (2,911, 3,842) | 3,372 (2,938, 3,870) | 3.0 (−3.8, 9.8) | 0.353 |
| IGFBP4, ng/mL (n = 354) | 456 (636, 574) | 492 (392, 618) | 485 (391, 602) | 528 (424, 658) | 509 (409, 635) | 11.0 (−6.8, 28.8) | 0.163 |
| free IGF-1, ng/mL (n = 2,203) | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 075 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.01) | 0.74 (0.58, 0.95) | 0.68 (0.53, 0.86) | −6.9 (−21.9, 8.0) | 0.353 |
Values are absolute back-transformed biomarker concentrations (beta coefficients) since values were naturally log-transformed prior to analysis, and the bolded numbers represent statistically significant findings (i.e., FDR p < 0.05).
Values were adjusted for total energy intake, BMI-continuous, age, total recreational physical activity, pack years of smoking; number of supplements used; fasting status at blood draw, race/ethnic groups, educational levels, regular use of NSAID, statins, unopposed estrogen and/or estrogen plus progesterone hormones, hormone therapy (HT) study arms.
Conversion to SI units: for blood glucose, to convert to mmol/L, multiply by.0555; for C-peptide, to convert to nmol/L, multiply by.331; for insulin, to convert to mIU/L, multiply by 1; for IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-4, and free IGF-1, to convert to nmol/L, multiply by.131.
HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA β, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-BP1/3/4, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1/3/4.