Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% CI) for the associations of diet indices with diabetes.
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | Per 1 SD incrementa | P trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) score quartiles | |||||||
| Prediabetes and diabetesb | Case/Non-case | 15/127 | 22/121 | 39/104 | 37/105 | ||
| Odds ratios | 1 (ref) | 1.54 (0.73, 3.27) | 2.92 (1.45, 5.87) | 1.97 (0.96, 4.02) | 1.33 (1.07, 1.66) | 0.0109 | |
| Diabetes | Case/Non-case | 7/127 | 7/121 | 21/104 | 20/105 | ||
| Odds ratios | 1 (ref) | 0.96 (0.31, 2.97) | 3.21 (1.24, 8.33) | 2.09 (0.79, 5.58) | 1.47 (1.10, 1.96) | 0.0098 | |
| Prediabetes | Case/Non-case | 8/127 | 15/121 | 18/104 | 17/105 | ||
| Odds ratios | 1 (ref) | 1.92 (0.75, 4.91) | 2.41 (0.95, 6.07) | 1.73 (0.67, 4.45) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.55) | 0.3007 | |
| Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDIP) score quartiles | |||||||
| Prediabetes and diabetes | Case/Non-case | 9/133 | 32/111 | 28/115 | 44/98 | ||
| Odds ratios | 1 (ref) | 4.35 (1.92, 9.85) | 3.07 (1.33, 7.08) | 4.72 (2.08, 10.7) | 1.50 (1.15, 1.97) | 0.0029 | |
| Diabetes | Case/Non-case | 3/133 | 10/111 | 17/115 | 25/98 | ||
| Odds ratios | 1 (ref) | 3.72 (0.97, 14.3) | 5.31 (1.45, 19.4) | 7.09 (1.97, 25.6) | 1.87 (1.25, 2.80) | 0.0024 | |
| Prediabetes | Case/Non-case | 6/133 | 22/111 | 11/115 | 19/98 | ||
| Odds ratios | 1 (ref) | 4.41 (1.67, 11.7) | 1.86 (0.64, 5.40) | 3.09 (1.10, 8.64) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.71) | 0.2384 | |
Values are odds ratios, adjusted for total energy intake, BMI-continuous, age, total recreational physical activity, pack years of smoking; number of supplements used; fasting status at blood draw, race/ethnic groups, educational levels, regular use of NSAID, statins, unopposed estrogen and/or estrogen plus progesterone hormones, hormone therapy (HT) study arms. Quartile 1 was used as the reference. The bolded numbers represent statistically significant (p < 0.05).
Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes defined based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria: prediabetes—HbA1c 5.7–6.4% or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) 100–125 mg/dL; and type 2 diabetes—HbA1c ≥ 6.5% and IFG ≥ 126 mg/dL.