Table 1.
Associations of demographic characteristics, assets, and stressors with elevated depressive symptoms in 2020 and 2021.
| 2020 (T1) |
2021 (T2) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Elevated depressive symptoms | Total | Elevated depressive symptoms | |||||||
| Characteristics | No. | % | No. | % | p-value | No. | % | No. | % | p-value |
| Total | 1441 | 382 | 27.8 | 1161 | 341 | 32.8 | ||||
| Gender | <0.0002 | 0.0989 | ||||||||
| Male | 723 | 48.1 | 149 | 21.9 | 587 | 48.2 | 142 | 29.4 | ||
| Female | 718 | 51.9 | 233 | 33.3 | 574 | 51.8 | 199 | 36.0 | ||
| Age, y | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| 18-39 | 619 | 38.0 | 219 | 38.8 | 448 | 38.5 | 163 | 43.9 | ||
| 40-59 | 462 | 32.4 | 113 | 26.8 | 379 | 31.5 | 117 | 32.4 | ||
| 60+ | 360 | 29.7 | 50 | 14.9 | 334 | 30.0 | 61 | 19.1 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 0.3054 | 0.0796 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 933 | 62.9 | 225 | 26.5 | 785 | 62.8 | 224 | 33.0 | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 143 | 11.9 | 36 | 24.2 | 96 | 11.9 | 22 | 24.7 | ||
| Hispanic | 255 | 16.6 | 84 | 34.0 | 193 | 16.7 | 67 | 37.7 | ||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 36 | 3.1 | 8 | 23.1 | 29 | 3.1 | 4 | 12.4 | ||
| Other or multiple | 74 | 5.6 | 29 | 34.4 | 58 | 5.5 | 24 | 44.8 | ||
| Education | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | ||||||||
| <High school | 65 | 9.8 | 22 | 29.2 | 43 | 9.3 | 13 | 29.6 | ||
| High School graduate or equivalent | 274 | 27.9 | 85 | 35.0 | 210 | 28.1 | 83 | 46.4 | ||
| Vocational/tech school/some college | 637 | 27.8 | 186 | 32.0 | 516 | 27.8 | 165 | 34.2 | ||
| Bachelor's degree or more | 465 | 34.5 | 89 | 18.3 | 392 | 34.9 | 80 | 21.7 | ||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Married | 712 | 47.8 | 124 | 18.3 | 588 | 46.6 | 125 | 22.4 | ||
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 247 | 18.4 | 75 | 31.5 | 201 | 16.3 | 68 | 35.5 | ||
| Never married | 344 | 24.2 | 130 | 39.8 | 265 | 27.6 | 103 | 45.4 | ||
| Living with partner | 138 | 9.7 | 53 | 37.7 | 107 | 9.5 | 45 | 43.0 | ||
| Home ownership | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Owned or being bought by you or someone you are related to | 850 | 65.0 | 173 | 23.0 | 715 | 64.8 | 164 | 25.9 | ||
| Rented for cash | 529 | 30.5 | 188 | 36.4 | 399 | 30.2 | 153 | 42.1 | ||
| Occupied without payment of cash rental | 62 | 4.5 | 21 | 39.0 | 47 | 5.1 | 24 | 66.4 | ||
| Household income, $ | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| ≤19,999 | 246 | 19.8 | 116 | 46.9 | 161 | 17.0 | 83 | 58.1 | ||
| 20,000-44,999 | 357 | 25.8 | 109 | 31.1 | 266 | 24.9 | 103 | 41.3 | ||
| 45,000-74,999 | 357 | 25.1 | 83 | 23.3 | 311 | 27.3 | 93 | 31.4 | ||
| ≥75,000 | 447 | 29.3 | 67 | 16.9 | 384 | 30.9 | 56 | 14.1 | ||
| Household savings, $ | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| ≤4,999 | 577 | 43.2 | 227 | 40.4 | 362 | 35.1 | 173 | 50.5 | ||
| ≥5,000 | 819 | 56.8 | 146 | 19.3 | 750 | 64.9 | 161 | 24.2 | ||
| Stressor count category | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Low (0-1) | 236 | 14.8 | 36 | 19.5 | 293 | 26.4 | 47 | 17.0 | ||
| Medium (2-3) | 525 | 37.7 | 95 | 18.0 | 435 | 36.5 | 101 | 25.8 | ||
| High (4 or more) | 677 | 47.5 | 250 | 38.2 | 433 | 37.1 | 193 | 51.1 | ||
Note:
(a)Frequencies unweighted, percentages weighted. T1 weights used for T1 estimates; T2 weights used for T2 estimates.
(b)Elevated depressive symptoms defined by Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) score of 10 or greater.
(c)Data source: COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study. Time 1 collected from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Time 2 collected from March 24, 2021 to April 19, 2021.
(d)Covariates collected at Time 1 were used for Time 1 estimates; covariates collected at Time 2 were used for Time 2 estimates.