Table 2.
Relation between demographic variables, assets, stressors and elevated depressive symptoms at any time during COVID-19.
| Unadjusted | Adjusted model | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | OR | 95%CI | p-value | OR | 95%CI | p-value | |||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Female | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 0.003 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 0.004 | |
| Age, y | |||||||||
| 18-39 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 4.3 | <0.0001 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 4.3 | <0.0001 | |
| 40-59 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.001 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 0.004 | |
| 60+ | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.327 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.032 | |
| Hispanic | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.400 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.518 | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.103 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.307 | |
| Other or multiple | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.305 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.819 | |
| Education | |||||||||
| <High school | 2.0 | 0.9 | 4.4 | 0.103 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.923 | |
| High School graduate or equivalent | 2.7 | 1.9 | 4.0 | <0.0001 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 0.009 | |
| Vocational/tech school/some college | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.6 | <0.0001 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.071 | |
| Bachelor's degree | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 2.0 | 1.4 | 3.0 | <0.0001 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 0.021 | |
| Never married | 2.7 | 1.9 | 4.0 | <0.0001 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.018 | |
| Living with partner | 3.0 | 1.7 | 5.3 | <0.0001 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.117 | |
| Household income, $ | |||||||||
| ≤19,999 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 7.4 | <0.0001 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 5.5 | <0.0001 | |
| 20,000-44,999 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 3.9 | <0.0001 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 2.9 | <0.0001 | |
| 45,000-74,999 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 0.001 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.088 | |
| ≥75,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Household savings, $ | |||||||||
| ≤4,999 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 | <0.0001 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.248 | |
| ≥5,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Stressor count category | |||||||||
| Low (0-1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||||||
| Medium (2-3) | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.658 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.714 | |
| High (4 or more) | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.9 | <0.0001 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.9 | <0.0001 | |
| Household size | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.263 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.884 | |
Note:
(a) Generalized estimating equation (GEE) used to account for repeated measurements of individuals over time. Unadjusted model presents bivariable relations. Adjusted model controlled for all variables in table.
(b) Data weighted using T2 weights.
(c) Elevated depressive symptoms defined by Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) score of 10 or greater.
(d) Stressor count based on presence of: seeing family in person less, travel restrictions, death of someone close to you due to COVID-19, family or relationship problems, challenges finding childcare for your kids, feeling alone, not being able to get food due to shortages, not being able to get supplies due to shortages, losing a job, member of household losing a job, having financial problems, having difficulty paying rent, and being forced to leave campus.
(e) Data source: COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study. Time 1 collected from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Time 2 collected from March 24, 2021 to April 19, 2021.
(f) N=1,070 unique groups measured at T1 and T2 in fully adjusted model.
(g) Assets defined as household income and household savings.