Table 3.
Adjusted associations among key assets, stressors, and elevated depressive symptoms at Time 1 (March-April 2020) and Time 2 (March-April 2021).
| Time 1: March - April 2020 | Time 2: March - April 2021 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | OR | 95%CI | p-value | OR | 95%CI | p-value | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| <High school | 0.9 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.846 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.404 |
| HS graduate or equivalent | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 0.051 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 0.024 |
| Vocational/tech school/some college | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 0.050 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.259 |
| Bachelor's degree | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||||
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 2.1 | 1.3 | 3.4 | 0.003 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.247 |
| Never married | 1.8 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 0.012 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.306 |
| Living with partner | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 0.446 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.726 |
| Household income, $ | ||||||||
| ≤19,999 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 0.009 | 7.0 | 3.7 | 13.3 | <0.0001 |
| 20,000-44,999 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.276 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 5.7 | <0.0001 |
| 45,000-74,999 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.883 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 0.021 |
| ≥75,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||||
| Household savings, $ | ||||||||
| ≤4999 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 0.035 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.111 |
| ≥5000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||||
| Stressor count category | ||||||||
| Low (0-1) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | ||||||
| Medium (2-3) | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.515 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 0.010 |
| High (4 or more) | 1.9 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 0.011 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 9.2 | <0.0001 |
Note:
(a) Models adjusted for gender, age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, household income, household savings, stressors, and household size.
(b) Data weighted. Time 1 weights used for Time 1 analyses; Time 2 weights used for Time 2 analyses.
(c) Elevated depressive symptoms defined by Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9) score of 10 or greater.
(d) Stressor count based on presence of: Seeing family in person less, travel restrictions, death of someone close to you due to COVID-19, family or relationship problems, challenges finding childcare for your kids, feeling alone, not being able to get food due to shortages, not being able to get supplies due to shortages, losing a job, member of household losing a job, having financial problems, having difficulty paying rent, and being forced to leave campus.
(e) Data source: COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study. Time 1 collected from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Time 2 collected from March 24, 2021 to April 19, 2021.
(f) Time 1, N=1386; Time 2, N= 1,105.
(g) Covariates collected at Time 1 were used for Time 1 estimates; covariates collected at Time 2 were used for Time 2 estimates.