Table 1.
Summary of all reviewed medical institution-based initiatives. See the Results section for a discussion of their findings
| Author | Month+ Year | Country of Origin | Target HCW | Study Type | Outcomes Measured | Results Characteristics | Occupational Mental Health Framework Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. | April 2020 | China | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | Qualitative interviews | Qualitative | Harm Prevention |
| Shanafelt et al. | April 20020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | Qualitative interviews | Qualitative | Harm Prevention, Promote Positivity |
| Brown-Johnson et al. | July 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive | N/A | Qualitative | Harm Prevention |
| Orsini et al. | November 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive | N/A | Qualitative | Harm Prevention |
| Hong et al. | May 2021 | China | All HCW working in fever clinic | Initial program evaluations | Impact of Even Scale-Revised (IES-R) [50] Source of Distress Questionnaire [51] General Self-Efficacy Scale, Semi-structured qualitative interviews | Quantitative, Qualitative | Harm Prevention, Illness management |
| Gonzalez et al. | August 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Harm Prevention, Illness Management |
| Saqib et al. | August 2020 | UK | All HCW | Initial program evaluations, Quality assurance (QA)/ Quality improvement (QI) | Staff surveys, qualitative feedback, immediate/delayed feedback outlets | Qualitative, Quantitative | Harm Prevention |
| Putrino et al. | November 2020 | US | All HCW | Initial program evaluations | Single- item Likert style measure of perceived stress + Qualitative feedback | Quantitative, Qualitative | Harm Prevention |
| Khan and Kiani | June 2020 | Pakistan | All HCW | Survey-based descriptive study, uncontrolled pre/post trial | Qualitative feedback, questionnaire on risk perception and preparedness using 10-point Likert scale | Quantitative, Qualitative | Harm Prevention |
| Cheung et al. | September 2020 | Hong Kong | All HCW | Cross sectional study | Validated questionnaire on 5 domains of personal strength on 5-point Likert scale: (assertiveness, mental preparedness, self-efficacy, internal locus of control and responsibility) | Quantitative | Harm Prevention |
| Ripp et al. | August 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Harm Prevention, Illness Management, Promote Positivity |
| Gray et al. | May 2021 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary, Initial program evaluation | Quantitative operational output metrics of service utilization and outreach capacity, qualitative received feedback | Quantitative/ Qualitative | Harm Prevention, Illness Management |
| Serrano-Ripoll et al. | June 2021 | Spain | All HCW | Randomized controlled trial | Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales [52], Davidson Trauma Scale [53], Maslach Burnout Inventory[54] Insomnia Severity Index [55], General Self-Efficacy Scale [56], System Usability Scale [57] | Quantitative (Pending) | Illness Management |
| Blake et al. | April 2020 | UK | All HCW | Initial program evaluations, QA/QI | Stakeholder feedback/peer review and Digital package evaluation surveys (ie. fidelity and implementation qualities) [58], User demographics | Quantitative, Qualitative | Illness Management |
| Weiner et al. | October 2020 | France | All HCW | Randomized controlled trial | Perceived Stress Scale[59], Patient Health Questionnaire[60], Short Form Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5 [61], Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale [62], Insomnia Severity Index [55], Affective Rumination Questionnaire [63], Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire [64], Client Satisfaction Questionnaire [65] | Quantitative (Pending) | Illness Management |
| Lai et al. | July 2020 | Canada | All HCW | Open label feasibility randomized controlled trial | Feasibility outcomes (rate of participant recruitment, retention rate, data entry completeness, intervention cost, unexpected costs) Intervention outcomes (Athens Insomnia Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder [66], Patient Health Questionnaire [67, 68], Connor Davidson Resilience Scale [69]) | Quantitative (Pending) | Illness Management |
| Mira et al. | October 2020 | Spain | All HCW | Descriptive | Web traffic, user preferences/usages, app discharges | Quantitative | Illness Management |
| Zhang et al. | June 2020 | China | Anesthesiologists | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Harm Prevention, Illness Management |
| Krystal et al. | January- February 2021 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | Qualitative | Qualitative | Harm Prevention, Illness Management, Promote Positivity |
| Golden et al. | May 2021 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Initial program evaluations | “Key performance indicators” (numbers of downloads, baseline surveys, postbaseline surveys, app engagement metrics) | Qualitative, Quantitative | Illness Management, Harm Prevention |
| Lewis et al. | March 2021 | Australia | All HCW | Initial program evaluations, QA/QI | Qualitative user interviews, app analytics (ie. participation rates, user engagement, user demographics), mental health measures (ie. Patient Health Questionnaire 4 [70]) | Quantitative | Illness Management, Promote Positivity |
| Saniasiaya and Ramasamy | June 2020 | Malaysia | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Promote Positivity |
| Mellins et al. | November-December 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive | Qualitative peer supervision feedback, anonymous confidential/voluntary post-group brief Qualtrics survey | Quantitative, Qualitative | Illness Management, Promote Positivity |
| DePierro et al. | November 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Illness Management, Promote Positivity |
| Cheng et al. | August 2020 | China | All HCW | Initial program evaluations | User questionnaire responses (ie. demographics, subjective unit of feeling, “Gain-and-Issue scale,”) subjective effectiveness rating of Balint group, most impressive topics in online themed chat | Quantitative | Promote Positivity |
| Albott et al. | May 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive | N/A | N/A | Promote Positivity |
| Kazerooni et al. | April 2020 | Iran | Medical students | Descriptive | User questionnaire [71] | Qualitative, Quantitative | Promote Positivity |
| Cheng et al. | May 2020 | China, USA, Canada, Australia | All HCW | Descriptive | N/A (only limited anecdotal evidence) | N/A | Promote Positivity |
| Hall et al. | December 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Promote Positivity |
| Shingler-Nace | June 2020 | US | All HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Promote Positivity |
| López-Atanes et al. | August 2020 | Spain | Female HCW | Descriptive, Commentary | N/A | N/A | Harm Prevention, Illness Management |