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. 2021 Sep 20;12:734282. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734282

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Copyright © 2021 Verstegen, Ubels, Westerhoff, van Ham and Barberis

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Transcriptional control of the germinal center (GC) and differentiation. (A) Transcriptional profile of follicular B cells, activated follicular B cells, GC B cells, GC B cells that re-enter into the GC reaction, high-affinity memory B cells (MBCs) and antibody secreting plasma B cells in terms of their phenotype-specific marker genes. (B) Transcriptional regulation of GC continuation and differentiation. Activations (black lines with an arrow head) and inhibitions (red lines with a flattened head) among genes and some proteins are shown. Relevant ones are: BTB and CNC homologue 2 (BACH2), B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL6, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP1), Haematopoietically-expressed homeobox (HHEX), interferon-regulator factor 4 (IRF4), IRF8, Paired box protein 5 (PAX5) and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) (see text for details).