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. 2021 Sep 20;12:734282. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734282

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Copyright © 2021 Verstegen, Ubels, Westerhoff, van Ham and Barberis

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Control of the germinal center (GC) and differentiation mediated through receptor stimulation. The regulation of GC continuation and differentiation mediated through the different receptors-mediated signal transductions is shown. Activations (black lines with an arrow head) and inhibitions (red lines with a flattened head) among genes and some proteins are shown. Relevant ones are: BTB and CNC homologue 2 (BACH2), B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL6, B cell receptor (BCR), B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP1), cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), Haematopoietically-expressed homeobox (HHEX), Interleukins 4 receptor (IL-4R), IL-21R, Interferon-regulator factor 4 (IRF4), IRF8, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), Paired box protein 5 (PAX5), Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) (see text for details).