Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by levels of cognitive decline between 2008 and 2014.
| Non-decline | Moderate decline | Substantial decline | Total | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1,609 | n = 685 | n = 723 | n = 3,017 | ||
| APOE ε4 allele carrier, n (%) | 304 (18.89) | 127 (18.54) | 157 (21.72) | 588 (19.49) | 0.219 |
| Index of leisure activities, mean, SD | 8.30, 2.84 | 8.26, 2.84 | 7.14, 2.83 | 7.95, 2.88 | <0.001 |
| Index of productive activities, mean, SD | 3.57, 1.34 | 3.64, 1.41 | 2.94, 1.48 | 3.41, 1.43 | <0.001 |
| Index of social activities, mean, SD | 0.82, 1.19 | 0.75, 1.08 | 0.55, 0.98 | 0.72, 1.11 | <0.001 |
| Index of physical activities, mean, SD | 3.90, 1.57 | 3.86, 1.60 | 3.66, 1.62 | 3.82, 1.60 | 0.004 |
| Age, mean, SD | 75.81, 8.48 | 75.58, 8.59 | 80.86, 9.27 | 76.96, 8.97 | <0.001 |
| Gender, n(%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 755 (46.92) | 305 (44.53) | 428 (59.20) | 1,488 (49.32) | |
| Male | 854 (53.08) | 380 (55.47) | 295 (40.80) | 1,529 (50.68) | |
| Years of education, mean, SD | 3.15, 3.80 | 3.39, 3.82 | 1.91, 3.07 | 2.91, 3.69 | <0.001 |
| Occupation before retirement, n(%) | 0.095 | ||||
| White collar | 125 (7.77) | 60 (8.76) | 66 (9.13) | 251 (8.32) | |
| Blue collar | 1,339 (83.22) | 563 (82.19) | 614 (84.92) | 2,516 (83.4) | |
| Others | 145 (9.01) | 62 (9.05) | 43 (5.95) | 250 (8.29) | |
| Marital status, n(%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Living with a married spouse | 665 (41.33) | 275 (40.15) | 407 (56.29) | 1,347 (44.65) | |
| Have no spouse | 944 (58.67) | 410 (59.85) | 316 (43.71) | 1,670 (55.35) | |
| Socioeconomic status, n(%) | 0.675 | ||||
| Unfavorable | 291 (18.09) | 116 (16.93) | 138 (19.09) | 545 (18.06) | |
| Intermediate | 1,078 (67.00) | 477 (69.64) | 485 (67.08) | 2,040 (67.62) | |
| Favorable | 240 (14.92) | 92 (13.43) | 100 (13.83) | 432 (14.32) | |
| BMI, mean, SD | 21.32, 4.39 | 21.64, 4.29 | 20.61, 4.46 | 21.24, 4.41 | 0.568 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 408 (25.36) | 162 (23.65) | 135 (18.67) | 705 (23.37) | 0.002 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 447 (27.78) | 174 (25.40) | 146 (20.19) | 767 (25.42) | 0.001 |
| DDPI, mean, SD | 8.55, 2.25 | 8.48, 2.25 | 8.30, 2.28 | 8.47, 2.27 | 0.076 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 380 (23.59) | 164 (23.89) | 183 (25.28) | 726 (24.06) | 0.675 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 46 (2.85) | 28 (4.13) | 23 (3.23) | 97 (3.23) | 0.289 |
| Heart disease, n (%) | 147 (9.15) | 74 (10.77) | 85 (11.81) | 307 (10.16) | 0.125 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 83 (5.18) | 45 (6.64) | 48 (6.59) | 176 (5.85) | 0.251 |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; DDPI, diversity of dietary protein intake; APOE ε4, ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E.