Figure 1.
Effects of spike (S) protein on cell viability and inflammatory markers. Thp-1 macrophages were mock treated (Ctrl), stimulated with S protein (SP) (100 nM) or SP with ACE inhibitor (SP Perindopril, 100 µM), perindopril, added 2 h before SP. (A) Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V binding essay. (B) Oxidative stress was evaluated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression. (C) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression essay. (D) Fluo4 fluorescence as a function of cytosolic free Ca2+ intracellular calcium was performed using flow cytometry analysis. The data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 4–5. Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01,***p < 0.001.