TABLE 1.

Ketone body (BOHB in mM or BrAce in ppm) concentration ranges observed in health, for disease states and for therapeutic benefit (minimum concentration thresholds)

Ketosis	Condition	Range or threshold		References
		BOHB (mM)	BrAce (ppm)
Health	Balanced macronutrient diet	0.1	1	19
	Nutritional ketosis	0.5	9	19, 22
Disease	Heart failure	>0.2	2–20	23, 24, 25, 26
	Ketoacidosis	>3.0	>75	9, 13, 14, 19, 27, 28
	Genetic disorders	―	―	See text
Therapy	Brain function: Alzheimer’s	0.5	9a	29, 30
	Brain function: Parkinson’s	1.0	―	31
	Brain function: Dementia	0.5	9a	32
	Brain function: Migraine	4.0	―	See text
	Cancer	0.5	9a	33, 34
	Type 2 diabetes	0.5	9a	35, 36
	Epilepsy	4.0	―	37, 38, 39, 40
	Weight loss	―	2	11
Bariatric surgery	Ketoacidosis	>3.0	>75	See text and references above
	Weight loss	―	2

Abbreviations: BOHB, β‐hydroxybutyrate; BrAce, breath acetone.

^a Nutritional ketosis. BrAce ≥ 9 ppm when BOHB = 0.5 mM.¹⁹, ²²