Table 1.

A summary of how the practices, structures and network framework can help to diversify how we understand and address antibiotic use

Approach	Practices	Structures	Networks
Key message	Antibiotic use practices are determined by wide social and material dimensions that must be addressed.	The structures that antibiotics prop up require investment in order to alter antibiotic use.	Existing public and global health architectures and conventions define antibiotic consumption and must be made visible if antibiotics are to be designed out.
Focus of intervening	Interventions change behaviour and practice by understanding and altering the context in which individuals make decisions about antibiotic use.	Interventions modify economic and political conditions to reduce the need for antibiotics.	Interventions redesign networks and tracks that define antibiotic use.
Example of interventions	Adjusting practitioner renumeration arrangements, enhancing healthcare accessibility, improving communication between prescribers and patients, providing information on medicines, awareness/education tailored to local understandings of ill health and treatment.	Reduce inequity, prevent infection and support wellbeing by strengthening sanitation and health systems, social safety nets, food security, improved working conditions.	Reconfiguring clinical and veterinary pathways/protocols, strengthening supply chains and aid flows, adjusting accountability frameworks, recognizing the project management orientation of global health, stewardship and rational drug use.

Adapted from Tompson and Chandler.¹⁷