Table 1.
Publications on the overall association of cognition with functioning.
| Publication name [Quality] | Type of publication | Sample size/No. of studies (total sample size) | Population | Cognitive domains assessed | Functioning domains assessed | Key results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Halverson 2019 [Q = High] | SLR with meta-analysis | Total studies: 166 (n = 12,868) | SCZ spectrum disorders | NC and SC | Domains: social, occupational, independent living (FC and RWF) |
NC (overall and individual domains) was associated with functioning, with small-to-mediuma ES (ES using ûp for overall NC and functioning was 0.21; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.24; p < 0.01). SC (overall and individual domains) was associated with functioning, with small-to-mediuma ES (ES using ûp for overall SC and functioning was 0.24; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.28; p < 0.01). SC mediated the relationship between NC and functioning (ûp = 0.14; p < 0.01). SC and NC together explained 9.2% of the variance in functioning. SC alone explained an additional 4.8% of the variance after accounting for NC; NC alone explained an additional 1.9% of the variance after accounting for SC. |
| Irani 2012 [Q = High] | SLR with meta-analysis | Total studies: 25 (n = 1306) | SCZ spectrum disorders | Only SC (EP) | Domains: social, occupational, independent living (FC and RWF) |
There was a significant association between EP and functioning, with mediuma ES (δ = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.49; p = 0.001). |
| Schmidt 2011 [Q = Low] | SLR | Total studies: 15 (n = 148) | SCZ | Only NC (SC was assessed as mediator) | Domains: social, occupational, independent living (Mostly RWF) |
There was a significant indirect relationship between NC and functioning (mean ES of indirect effect, 0.20); SC mediated this relationship. |
| Mike 2019 [Q = 5/9] | CS | 90 | SCZ, SAD | NC and SC | Domain: social (Only RWF) |
An exploratory factor analysis for SC structure revealed a 3-factor solution representing the domains of emotion recognition, emotion management, and ToM; of these, only ToM was significantly associated with better social functioning. |
| Rocca 2016 [Q = 7/9] | CS | 809 | SCZ | NC and SC | Domains: social, occupational independent living (Only RWF) |
SCs were organized into 3 clusters - unimpaired, impaired, and very impaired SC. RWF was highest in the unimpaired cluster and lowest in the very impaired cluster. Of the different SC domains, the ToM domains were most important for the cluster definition. |
| Strassnig 2015 [Q = 6/9] |
CS | 821 | SCZ, SAD | Only NC | Domains: social, occupational independent living (FC and RWF) |
For independent living and occupational functioning: correlations were strongest with NC (r = 0.10 to 0.16 and r = 0.20 to 0.28, respectively) and FC (r = 0.29 to 0.42 and 0.21 to 0.30, respectively). For social functioning: correlations were strongest with negative symptoms (r = -0.42 to -0.38). |
| Shamsi 2011 [Q = 8/9] |
CS | 185 | SCZ, SAD | NC and SC | Domains: social, occupational independent living (Only RWF) |
SC was associated only with social functioning (p = 0.027). NC domains were associated with occupational functioning (p = -0.44) and independent living (p = 0.048), but not with social functioning (attention/vigilance showed only a marginal association with social functioning [p = 0.054, not significant]). |
CI, confidence interval; CS, cross-sectional study; EP, emotion perception; ES, effect size; FC, functional capacity; NC, neurocognition; Q, quality; r, Pearson's correlation coefficient; RWF, real-world functioning; SAD, schizoaffective disorder; SC, social cognition; SCZ, schizophrenia; SLR, systematic literature review; ToM, theory of mind; ûp, mean correlation estimate.
a
ES interpretation as reported by the respective study authors.