Fig. 2.

Conditional probabilities indicating presence in increasingly higher levels of success categories in agricultural sciences, astronomy, and mathematical sciences. The bootstrapped significance test evaluates women’s representation in the higher level of success category by comparison with their representation in the lower level of success category. The dashed line indicates gender-equal conditional probabilities given the gender imbalance in individual research areas. Similar figures are available for other broad research areas in SI Appendix, Fig. S2.