Table 3.
Change within groups and difference in change between the groups acupuncture and TENS (intention-to-treat analysis, multiple imputation of 50 imputed data sets)
| Outcomes | Acupuncture | TENS | Difference between groups | |||
| Mean change (95% CI) |
P value | Mean change (95% CI) |
P value | Mean difference (95% CI) |
P value | |
| ODI | 0.44 (−3.74 to 4.61) |
0.84 | 3.53 (−0.79 to 7.85) |
0.11 | −3.09 (−9.36 to 3.17) |
0.33 |
| PSFS | 0.82 (0.01 to 1.63) |
0.048 | −0.16 (−0.79 to 0.47) |
0.62 | 0.98 (−0.03 to 1.99) |
0.058 |
| Work ability NRS | −1.39 (−2.54 to −0.24) |
0.018 | −1.27 (−1.92 to −0.62) |
0.0001 | −0.12 (−1.44 to 1.19) |
0.86 |
| Recommended PA | −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.14) |
0.72 | −0.03 (−0.20 to 0.13) |
0.68 | −0.01 (−0.13 to 0.11) |
0.87 |
| PGQ total | −0.57 (−6.43 to 5.29) |
0.85 | 3.08 (−2.28 to 8.43) |
0.26 | −3.65 (−11.46 to 4.16) |
0.36 |
| PGQ activity | 0.37 (−5.69 to 6.44) |
0.90 | 3.54 (−1.94 to 9.03) |
0.20 | −3.17 (−11.14 to 4.80) |
0.43 |
| PGQ symptoms | −1.34 (-8.33 to 5.65) |
0.71 | 1.73 (-4.12 to 7.58) |
0.56 | −3.07 (−12.17 to 6.04) |
0.51 |
| Evening pain NRS | −0.96 (−1.91 to −0.01) |
0.049 | −1.29 (-2.13 to −0.44) |
0.003 | 0.33 (−0.99 to 1.64) |
0.62 |
| Concern about pain NRS | −1.44 (−2.31 to −0.57) |
0.0012 | −1.99 (−2.81 to −1.17) |
<0.0001 | 0.55 (−0.64 to 1.73) |
0.36 |
| EQ5D | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.14) |
0.51 | −0.10 (−0.21 to 0.00) |
0.059 | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.28) |
0.061 |
| EQ5D vertical VAS | −1.18 (−7.72 to 5.37) |
0.72 | −1.66 (−8.79 to 5.48) |
0.65 | 0.48 (−9.29 to 10.25) |
0.92 |
| EPDS | −0.40 (−2.07 to 1.28) |
0.64 | −1.25 (−2.77 to 0.27) |
0.11 | 0.85 (−1.36 to 3.07) |
0.45 |
| CSQ-CAT | −2.50 (−5.43 to 0.43) |
0.095 | −1.21 (−2.68 to 0.25) |
0.10 | −1.29 (−4.55 to 1.98) |
0.44 |
CSQ-CAT, Coping Strategies Questionnaire subscale ‘Catastrophizing’; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; EQ5D, EuroQol 5-dimension; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PA, physical activity; PGQ, Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire; PSFS, Patient-Specific Functional Scale; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.