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. 2021 Oct 1;11(10):e046314. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046314

Table 4.

Change within groups and difference in change between the groups acupuncture and TENS (full analysis set, all available data)

Outcome Acupuncture (n=41) TENS (n=45) Difference between groups
Baseline
Mean (SD)
Median (min; max)
Follow-up
Mean (SD)
Median (min; max)
Mean change (SD)
Median (min; max)
(95% CI for mean)* n=
P value Baseline
Mean (SD)
Median (min; max)
Follow-up
Mean (SD)
Median (min; max)
Mean change (SD)
Median (min; max)
(95% CI for mean)* n=
P value Mean difference †
(95% CI)‡
P value
ODI 32.59 (11.40)
34.00 (8.0; 60.0)
33.07 (13.41)
34.0 (10.0; 66.0)
0.49 (11.89)
2 (−22; 26)
(−3.20 to 4.44) n=41
0.80 29.07 (10.86)
28.0 (8.0; 60.0)
32.93 (15.24)
32.0 (2.0; 64.0)
3.87 (12.36)
4 (−28; 34)
(0.18 to 7.68)
n=45
0.043 −3.38 (−8.53 to 1.88) 0.21
PSFS 2.74 (1.54)
2.5 (0; 7.0)
3.63 (2.34)
3.5 (0; 10.0)
0.89 (2.45)
0 (−3; 6.5)
(0.11 to 1.67) n=41
0.025 3.16 (1.45)
3.0 (0.5; 7.5)
3.14 (1.75)
3.0 (0; 8.0)
−0.017 (1.85)
0 (−4.5; 4.5)
(−0.57 to 0.54)
n=45
0.95 0.91 (0.00 to 1.85) 0.053
Work ability NRS 6.45 (2.39)
7.0 (0; 10.0)
5.34 (3.11)
6.0 (0; 10.0)
−1.10 (3.13)
−1 (−8; 6)
(−2.12 to −0.11) n=40
0.036 7.0 (2.28)
7.0 (0; 10.0)
5.67 (2.54)
6.0 (0; 10)
−1.33 (1.92)
−1 (−6; 2)
(−1.91 to −0.76) n=45
<0.0001 0.23 (−0.88 to 1.31) 0.70
Recommended PA; n (%) 9 (22.0) 8 (19.5) −0.02 (0.42)
0 (−1; 1)
(−0.15 to 0.11) n=41
1.00 10 (22.2) 9 (20.0) −0.02 (0.40)
0 (−1; 1)
(−0.14 to 0.10)
n=45
1.00 −0.002 (−0.17 to 0.17) 1.00
PGQ total 46.68 (16.30)
48.64 (8.0; 89.72)
47.30 (16.32)
51.02 (12.0; 80.0)
0.82 (16.26)
3 (−34.67; 32)
(−4.51 to 6.18) n=39
0.76 45.25 (11.76)
42.16 (22.22; 69.33)
48.30 (16.74)
47.82 (12.50; 81.94)
3.84 (14.49)
2.05 (−38.17; 34.67)
(−0.48 to 8.17)
n=44
0.086 −3.03 (−9.74 to 3.63) 0.37
PGQ activity 44.93 (15.72
48.33 (6.67; 75.0)
47.02 (17.10)
49.12 (11.67; 78.94)
2.37 (15.65)
3.33 (−31.76; 31.67)
(−2.77 to 7.44)
n=39
0.35 44.56 (12.16)
42.72 (24.56; 70.0)
48.00 (17.05)
46.67 (10.52; 82.45)
4.24 (14.81)
3.42 (−37.81; 33.33)
(−0.21 to 8.66)
n=44
0.064 −1.87 (−8.50 to 4.76) 0.58
PGQ symptoms 49.83 (16.40)
53.33 (13.33; 86.67)
48.42 (18.10)
48.33 (13.33; 86.67)
−1.45 (20.67)
0 (−53.33; 33.33)
(−8.24 to 5.21)
n=39
0.66 48.00 (13.38)
46.67 (13.33; 73.33)
49.48 (18.12)
46.67 (0; 86.67)
1.48 (17.69)
6.67 (−40; 40)
(−3.86 to 6.67)
n=45
0.58 −2.93 (−11.33 to 5.56) 0.50
Evening pain NRS 6.82 (1.8)
7.0 (2.0; 9.5)
5.58 (2.26)
6.0 (1.0; 9.0)
1.26 (2.64)
1 (−7; 4)
(−2.12 to −0.40) n=39
0.0052 6.60 (1.5)
7.0 (3.0; 9.0)
5.33 (2.36)
6.0 (0; 9.0)
−1.27 (2.27)
−1 (−9; 3)
(−1.94 to −0.60) n=45
0.0002 0.01 (−1.06 to 1.07) 1.00
Concern about pain NRS 3.95 (2.24)
5.0 (0; 8.0)
2.43 (2.15)
2.0 (0; 7.0)
−1.45 (2.43)
−2 (−7; 6)
(−2.25 to −0.68) n=40
0.0007 4.62 (2.41)
5.0 (0; 10.0)
2.62 (2.20)
2.0 (0; 8.0)
−2.00 (2.52)
−2 (−8; 2)
(−2.77 to −1.25) n=45
<0.0001 0.55 (−0.52 to 1.63) 0.32
EQ5D 0.58 (0.25)
0.69 (−0.13; 0.85)
0.62 (0.23)
0.69 (−0.07; 0.88)
0.03 (0.32)
0 (−0.76; 0.75)
(−0.08 to 0.13) n=39
0.61 0.65 (0.18)
0.69 (−0.02; 0.89)
0.55 (0.29)
0.66 (−0.13; 1.0)
−0.10 (0.31)
−0.04 (−0.91; 0.61)
(−0.20 to −0.01) n=44
0.036 0.13 (−0.01 to 0.27) 0.073
EQ5D vertical VAS 62.24 (16.39)
65.0 (30.0; 90.0)
63.17 (16.38)
65.0 (25.0; 90.0)
0.93 (20.27)
0 (−47; 50)
(−5.60 to 7.28) n=41
0.78 66.20 (15.16)
70.0 (27.0; 95.0)
63.78 (19.51)
70.0 (19.0; 90.0)
−2.42 (19.75)
−1 (−55; 47)
(−8.25 to 3.45)
n=45
0.42 3.35 (−5.31 to 11.75) 0.45
EPDS 6.83 (3.99)
6.0 (1.0; 15.0)
6,15 (4.73)
5.0 (0; 15.0)
−0.85 (4.27)
−1 (−10; 11)
(−2.25 to 0.52) n=39
0.24 7.38 (4.91)
6.0 (0; 18.0)
6.27 (4.93)
5.0 (0; 21.0)
−1.11 (4.46)
0 (−12; 9)
(−2.43 to 0.24)
n=45
0.11 0.27 (−1.65 to 2.17) 0.79
CSQ-CAT 7.15 (5.98)
6.0 (0; 27)
4.49 (5.44)
2.0 (0; 18.0)
−2.60 (6.00)
−2.5 (−15; 12)
(−4.50 to −0.70) n=40
0.010 6.07 (4.83)
6.0 (0; 24.0)
5.11 (5.84)
4.0 (0; 28.0)
−1.09 (4.50)
−1 (−10; 17)
(−2.44 to 0.27)
n=44
0.12 −1.51 (−3.82 to 0.78) 0.20

*For comparison within groups the Fisher’s non-parametric permutation test for matched pairs was used.

†For comparison between groups the Fisher’s non-parametric permutation test was used for continuous variables.

‡The CI for then mean difference between groups is based on Fisher’s non-parametric permutation test.

CSQ-CAT, Coping Strategies Questionnaire subscale ‘Catastrophizing’; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; EQ5D, EuroQol 5-dimension; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; PA, physical activity; PGQ, Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire; PSFS, Patient-Specific Functional Scale; TENS, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.