TABLE 2.
Multivariable-adjusted risk of glioma in women's (NHS, NHSII), men's (HPFS), and pooled (NHS, NHSII, HPFS) cohorts by total flavonoid and flavonoid subclass intake, using Cox proportional hazard modeling1
| Dietary flavonoid intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-trend2 | |
| Total flavonoids | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent3 intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.26 (0.89–1.79) | 1.09 (0.76–1.57) | 1.03 (0.71–1.48) | 1.02 (0.71–1.48) | 0.65 |
| Cases, n | 55 | 77 | 68 | 65 | 60 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 121.4 (0.5–160.4) | 194.3 (160.5–228.5) | 266.3 (228.6–313.2) | 376.2 (313.3–475.3) | 690.4 (475.4–4108) | — |
| Long-term4 intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 1.12 (0.80–1.58) | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) | 0.84 (0.58–1.22) | 0.16 |
| Cases, n | 61 | 70 | 79 | 59 | 56 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 123.4 (0.6–162.8) | 196.3 (162.9–230.6) | 268.6 (230.7–315.3) | 377.7 (315.4–476.6) | 683.3 (476.7–4108) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.97 (0.63–1.49) | 1.02 (0.67–1.57) | 0.85 (0.54–1.32) | 0.80 (0.51–1.25) | 0.23 |
| Cases, n | 42 | 44 | 48 | 40 | 37 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 131.3 (4.1–172.8) | 208.8 (172.9–243.7) | 281.8 (243.8–325.1) | 381.7 (325.2–464.8) | 629.5 (464.9–4117) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.89 (0.58–1.36) | 1.10 (0.72–1.67) | 0.86 (0.56–1.34) | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | 0.10 |
| Cases, n | 43 | 42 | 51 | 42 | 33 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 131.5 (4.1–172.0) | 206.7 (172.1–240.5) | 277.9 (240.6–318.7) | 372.7 (318.8–453.5) | 615.2 (453.6–3517) | — |
| Pooled5 (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.13 (0.86–1.49) | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.95 (0.72–1.26) | 0.93 (0.69–1.23) | 0.30 |
| Cases, n | 97 | 121 | 116 | 105 | 97 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 125.3 (1.9–165.3) | 200.0 (165.4–234.5) | 272.4 (234.6–317.9) | 378.3 (318.0–471.2) | 666.4 (471.3–4112) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.98 (0.74–1.28) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | 0.04 |
| Cases, n | 104 | 112 | 130 | 101 | 89 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 126.6 (2.0–166.4) | 200.4 (166.5–234.5) | 271.9 (234.6–316.6) | 375.7 (316.7–467.5) | 656.5 (467.6–3,875) | — |
| Flavan-3-ols | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | 0.79 (0.55–1.12) | 0.32 |
| Cases, n | 71 | 70 | 64 | 63 | 57 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 9.5 (0–13.3) | 17.0 (13.4–21.5) | 27.7 (21.6–36.8) | 50.6 (36.9–73.5) | 124.4 (73.6–951.3) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) | 0.82 (0.58–1.14) | 0.74 (0.53–1.05) | 0.68 (0.47–0.97) | 0.07 |
| Cases, n | 74 | 69 | 68 | 61 | 53 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 9.9 (0–14.0) | 18.2 (14.1–23.3) | 30.2 (23.4–40.0) | 54.5 (40.1–77.1) | 125.2 (77.2–946.6) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.08 (0.70–1.67) | 1.22 (0.80–1.87) | 0.95 (0.61–1.49) | 0.90 (0.57–1.41) | 0.33 |
| Cases, n | 40 | 44 | 51 | 39 | 37 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 10.7 (0.1–14.9) | 18.8 (15.0–23.1) | 28.3 (23.2–35.3) | 45.5 (35.4–62.7) | 99.3 (62.8–951.3) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.16 (0.76–1.79) | 1.28 (0.83–1.96) | 0.97 (0.61–1.53) | 0.92 (0.58–1.45) | 0.31 |
| Cases, n | 39 | 47 | 50 | 38 | 37 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 10.9 (0.1–15.2) | 19.1 (15.3–23.5) | 28.8 (23.6–36.0) | 46.5 (36.1–64.1) | 100.5 (64.2–819.7) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.97 (0.75–1.27) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.86 (0.66–1.14) | 0.83 (0.63–1.09) | 0.18 |
| Cases, n | 111 | 114 | 115 | 102 | 94 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 10.0 (0–13.9) | 17.7 (14.0–22.1) | 28.0 (22.2–36.2) | 48.6 (36.3–69.2) | 114.5 (69.3–951.3) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.95 (0.73–1.24) | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 0.82 (0.62–1.07) | 0.76 (0.57–1.01) | 0.04 |
| Cases, n | 113 | 116 | 118 | 99 | 90 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 10.3 (0.1–14.5) | 18.5 (14.6–23.4) | 29.7 (23.5–38.4) | 51.3 (38.5–72.0) | 115.5 (72.1–896.6) | — |
| Polymers | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 0.85 (0.60–1.21) | 0.54 |
| Cases, n | 67 | 59 | 79 | 60 | 60 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 62.5 (0–86.9) | 109.6 (87.0–133.0) | 160.0 (133.1–192.7) | 238.3 (192.8–312.1) | 474.7 (312.2–3189) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.88 (0.63–1.24) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.74 (0.51–1.06) | 0.08 |
| Cases, n | 68 | 67 | 77 | 59 | 54 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 64.3 (0–88.8) | 111.3 (88.9–134.7) | 161.9 (134.8–195.3) | 241.7 (195.4–315.5) | 471.0 (315.6–3189) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.20 (0.78–1.82) | 0.92 (0.58–1.44) | 1.02 (0.65–1.58) | 0.86 (0.54–1.35) | 0.30 |
| Cases, n | 40 | 50 | 39 | 45 | 37 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 62.2 (0–88.0) | 111.1 (88.1–135.0) | 160.9 (135.1–192.0) | 231.7 (192.1–292.0) | 415.8 (292.1–3245) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.35 (0.88–2.07) | 1.09 (0.69–1.73) | 1.05 (0.66–1.66) | 0.96 (0.61–1.53) | 0.37 |
| Cases, n | 36 | 54 | 41 | 42 | 38 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 62.8 (0–87.6) | 110.1 (87.7–133.1) | 157.9 (133.2–187.3) | 226.3 (187.4–286.2) | 408.8 (286.3–2752) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.94 (0.72–1.24) | 1.00 (0.77–1.31) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.85 (0.65–1.13) | 0.27 |
| Cases, n | 107 | 109 | 118 | 105 | 97 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 62.4 (0–87.4) | 110.2 (87.5–133.8) | 160.4 (133.9–192.5) | 235.7 (192.6–304.2) | 451.5 (304.3–3211) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.04 (0.80–1.36) | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.82 (0.61–1.09) | 0.05 |
| Cases, n | 104 | 121 | 118 | 101 | 92 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 63.7 (0–88.3) | 110.8 (88.4–134.1) | 160.3 (134.2–192.1) | 235.6 (191.2–304.0) | 446.5 (304.1–3017) | — |
| Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 0.96 (0.68–1.34) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.62 |
| Cases, n | 67 | 58 | 74 | 63 | 63 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 62.3 (0.1–83.1) | 101.0 (83.2–118.3) | 136.5 (118.4–157.1) | 182.3 (157.2–217.3) | 277.0 (217.4–1448) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.95 (0.67–1.35) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) | 0.92 (0.64–1.30) | 0.55 |
| Cases, n | 64 | 66 | 71 | 59 | 65 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 63.6 (0.2–83.9) | 100.9 (84.0–116.9) | 134.0 (117.0–152.3) | 174.7 (152.4–206.2) | 260.3 (206.3–1358) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 0.98 (0.63–1.51) | 0.90 (0.58–1.42) | 0.70 |
| Cases, n | 41 | 41 | 43 | 45 | 41 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 67.6 (0.2–91.0) | 110.9 (91.1–130.1) | 150.1 (130.2–172.6) | 199.6 (172.7–236.5) | 299.2 (236.6–1464) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 0.97 (0.62–1.50) | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 0.77 (0.48–1.22) | 0.29 |
| Cases, n | 41 | 44 | 42 | 49 | 35 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 67.9 (0.2–90.5) | 109 (90.6–127.1) | 145 (127.2–165.6) | 190 (165.7–222.5) | 278 (222.6–1315) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) | 0.96 (0.74–1.26) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) | 0.53 |
| Cases, n | 108 | 99 | 117 | 108 | 104 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 64.4 (0.1–86.2) | 104.9 (86.3–123.0) | 141.8 (123.1–163.2) | 189.1 (163.3–224.8) | 285.7 (224.0–1454) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.26 |
| Cases, n | 105 | 110 | 113 | 108 | 100 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 65.3 (0.2–86.5) | 104.1 (86.6–120.9) | 138.3 (121.0–157.6) | 180.7 (157.7–212.6) | 267.3 (212.7–1341) | — |
| Flavonols | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.31 (0.91–1.89) | 1.16 (0.79–1.69) | 1.23 (0.85–1.79) | 1.24 (0.85–1.81) | 0.49 |
| Cases, n | 49 | 72 | 65 | 71 | 68 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 7.6 (0.1–9.6) | 11.4 (9.7–13.1) | 15.1 (13.2–17.3) | 20.1 (17.4–24.2) | 31.0 (24.3–205.3) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.02 (0.71–1.48) | 1.11 (0.77–1.59) | 1.13 (0.79–1.61) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 0.86 |
| Cases, n | 55 | 62 | 72 | 73 | 63 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 7.5 (0.1–9.5) | 11.2 (9.6–12.9) | 14.6 (13.0–16.6) | 19.1 (16.7–22.7) | 28.9 (22.8–156.9) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.88 (0.56–1.37) | 1.01 (0.65–1.56) | 1.13 (0.74–1.74) | 0.76 (0.47–1.22) | 0.41 |
| Cases, n | 40 | 38 | 44 | 54 | 35 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 8.1 (0.5–10.3) | 12.2 (10.4–14.2) | 16.1 (14.3–18.4) | 21.2 (18.5–25.0) | 31.6 (25.1–173.0) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.92 (0.58–1.44) | 1.22 (0.80–1.87) | 1.07 (0.69–1.65) | 0.72 (0.44–1.16) | 0.19 |
| Cases, n | 39 | 39 | 52 | 49 | 32 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 8.0 (0.5–10.2) | 12.0 (10.3–13.7) | 15.5 (13.8–17.5) | 20.0 (17.6–23.3) | 29.1 (23.4–134.5) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.12 (0.84–1.48) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) | 1.03 (0.76–1.38) | 0.96 |
| Cases, n | 89 | 110 | 109 | 125 | 103 | |
| Median (range), mg/day | 7.8 (0.2–9.9) | 11.7 (10.0–13.6) | 15.5 (13.7–17.7) | 20.5 (17.8–24.5) | 31.2 (24.6–192.6) | |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 1.15 (0.88–1.52) | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 0.89 (0.66–1.19) | 0.51 |
| Cases, n | 94 | 101 | 124 | 122 | 95 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 7.7 (0.2–9.8) | 11.5 (9.9–13.2) | 15.0 (13.3–17.0) | 19.5 (17.1–23.0) | 29.0 (23.1–148.0) | — |
| Anthocyanidins | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.07 (0.73–1.56) | 1.15 (0.80–1.66) | 1.09 (0.74–1.59) | 1.25 (0.86–1.82) | 0.21 |
| Cases, n | 52 | 64 | 68 | 66 | 75 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 2.7 (0.0–4.3) | 6.1 (4.4–8.2) | 10.7 (8.3–13.4) | 16.7 (13.5–21.6) | 31.7 (21.7–842.3) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.02 (0.70–1.50) | 1.00 (0.68–1.46) | 1.23 (0.85–1.77) | 1.11 (0.76–1.61) | 0.24 |
| Cases, n | 53 | 63 | 61 | 77 | 71 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 2.9 (0–4.4) | 6.0 (4.5–7.9) | 10.0 (8.0–12.4) | 15.2 (12.5–19.1) | 26.3 (19.2–600.9) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.94 (0.62–1.45) | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 0.84 (0.54–1.32) | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 0.89 |
| Cases, n | 42 | 45 | 40 | 39 | 45 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 2.8 (0–4.5) | 6.3 (4.6–8.5) | 11.1 (8.6–14.1) | 17.7 (14.2–22.9) | 34.0 (23.0–824.0) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.83 (0.54–1.27) | 0.70 (0.44–1.09) | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.74 |
| Cases, n | 46 | 43 | 36 | 41 | 45 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 2.9 (0–4.5) | 6.2 (4.6–8.1) | 10.4 (8.2–13.0) | 16.1 (13.1–20.3) | 28.3 (20.4–580.1) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 0.98 (0.73–1.31) | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) | 0.35 |
| Cases, n | 94 | 109 | 108 | 105 | 120 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 2.7 (0–4.4) | 6.2 (4.5–8.3) | 10.8 (8.4–13.7) | 17.1 (13.8–22.1) | 32.6 (22.2–835.1) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | 1.03 (0.78–1.37) | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) | 0.47 |
| Cases, n | 99 | 106 | 97 | 118 | 116 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 2.9 (0–4.4) | 6.1 (4.5–8.0) | 10.2 (8.1–12.6) | 15.6 (12.7–19.6) | 27.1 (19.7–592.7) | — |
| Flavanones | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | 0.88 (0.62–1.26) | 1.00 (0.71–1.41) | 0.83 |
| Cases, n | 63 | 56 | 66 | 65 | 75 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 7.4 (0–13.5) | 19.6 (13.6–26.0) | 32.8 (26.1–40.3) | 49.0 (40.4–59.9) | 77.9 (60.0–658.8) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 0.95 (0.66–1.35) | 1.04 (0.73–1.48) | 0.94 |
| Cases, n | 59 | 63 | 65 | 66 | 72 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 9.1 (0–15.6) | 21.7 (15.7–27.7) | 34.2 (27.8–41.1) | 49.1 (41.2–59.3) | 75.7 (59.4–659.0) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.96 (0.60–1.54) | 1.33 (0.86–2.05) | 1.13 (0.72–1.76) | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | 0.98 |
| Cases, n | 36 | 36 | 51 | 46 | 42 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 10.0 (0–18.6) | 27.5 (18.7–36.5) | 45.6 (36.6–55.0) | 65.4 (55.1–78.3) | 100.0 (78.4–713.8) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.02 (0.64–1.61) | 1.08 (0.68–1.70) | 1.18 (0.76–1.83) | 1.07 (0.68–1.68) | 0.65 |
| Cases, n | 36 | 39 | 42 | 48 | 46 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 11.3 (0–20.4) | 29.3 (20.5–37.9) | 46.7 (38.0–55.6) | 65.5 (55.7–77.8) | 98.3 (77.9–713.8) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.89 (0.67–1.18) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.97 (0.74–1.28) | 0.99 (0.75–1.31) | 0.87 |
| Cases, n | 99 | 92 | 117 | 111 | 117 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 8.4 (0–15.5) | 22.7 (15.6–30.1) | 37.8 (30.2–46.1) | 55.4 (46.2–67.2) | 86.6 (67.3–680.4) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.02 (0.77–1.36) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 0.70 |
| Cases, n | 95 | 102 | 107 | 114 | 118 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 10.0 (0–17.5) | 24.7 (17.6–31.7) | 39.1 (31.8–46.8) | 55.6 (46.9–66.6) | 84.6 (66.7–680.6) | — |
| Flavones | ||||||
| Women (325 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.90 (0.62–1.29) | 0.97 (0.68–1.38) | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | 1.00 (0.70–1.41) | 0.91 |
| Cases, n | 60 | 58 | 65 | 65 | 77 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 0.74 (0–1.0) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 2.4 (2.2–2.9) | 3.5 (3.0–84.9) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 1.03 (0.72–1.49) | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.91 (0.63–1.31) | 0.53 |
| Cases, n | 56 | 63 | 68 | 74 | 64 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 0.77 (0–1.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | 2.4 (2.2–2.7) | 3.3 (2.8–74.9) | — |
| Men (211 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.82 (0.51–1.32) | 1.27 (0.82–1.95) | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 1.23 (0.79–1.91) | 0.21 |
| Cases, n | 37 | 32 | 51 | 41 | 50 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 0.90 (0–1.4) | 1.7 (1.5–2.1) | 2.4 (2.2–2.8) | 3.2 (2.9–3.7) | 4.7 (3.8–112.6) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.65 (0.40–1.06) | 1.05 (0.68–1.62) | 1.11 (0.72–1.70) | 1.09 (0.70–1.67) | 0.20 |
| Cases, n | 40 | 28 | 46 | 49 | 48 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 0.98 (0–1.4) | 1.7 (1.5–2.0) | 2.4 (2.1–2.7) | 3.1 (2.8–3.6) | 4.4 (3.7–75.3) | — |
| Pooled (536 cases) | ||||||
| Recent intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.33 |
| Cases, n | 97 | 90 | 116 | 106 | 127 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 0.80 (0–1.2) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 2.0 (1.8–2.4) | 2.7 (2.5–3.2) | 4.0 (3.3–95.8) | — |
| Long-term intake | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | Reference | 0.88 (0.65–1.17) | 1.05 (0.79–1.38) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | 0.61 |
| Cases, n | 96 | 91 | 114 | 123 | 112 | — |
| Median (range), mg/day | 0.85 (0–1.2) | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 2.7 (2.4–3.1) | 3.7 (3.2–75.1) | — |
1
Cox proportional hazard models using energy-adjusted flavonoid intake and adjusted for age, total caloric intake (quintile), BMI (<25 kg/m2, 25–29.9 kg/m2, or ≥30 kg/m2), smoking status (never, past, or current), and hyperlipidemia (ever diagnosed compared with never diagnosed). HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; Q, quintile.
2
P trends were calculated using quintile median values in Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate linear trends.
3
Recent flavonoid intake was calculated as the average of reported intake in the 12 years prior to diagnosis or the end of follow-up.
4
Long-term flavonoid intake was calculated as the average of reported intake in all years (up to 30) prior to diagnosis or the end of follow-up.
5
The pooled analysis consists of data from women (NHS, NHSII) and men (HPFS), combined by meta-analysis using fixed-effects models.