TABLE 1.
Characteristics of TUDA study participants in relation to PPI drug usage (n = 3299)1
| PPI nonusers | PPI users | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2083 | n = 1216 | P value2 | |
| General characteristics | |||
| Age, y | 73.0 (72.6, 73.3) | 75.6 (75.1, 76.1) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (% male) | 723 (35) | 383 (32) | 0.065 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 (27.3, 27.7) | 28.1 (27.8, 28.4) | 0.001 |
| Waist/hip ratio, cm | 0.91 (0.90, 0.91) | 0.91 (0.91, 0.92) | 0.056 |
| Medical | |||
| Atrophic gastritis, n (%) | 317 (15) | — | — |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 91 (4) | 95 (8) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 83.0 (81.1, 84.1) | 89.9 (88.4, 91.4) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.52 (2.48, 2.56) | 2.40 (2.35, 2.45) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.51 (1.49, 1.53) | 1.44 (1.42, 1.47) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.56 (1.53, 1.60) | 1.61 (1.56, 1.66) | 0.089 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 1032 (50) | 677 (56) | 0.001 |
| Hypertensive, n (%) | 1259 (61) | 710 (59) | 0.278 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 146.0 (145.1, 146.9) | 144.2 (143.0, 145.4) | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 79.1 (78.6, 79.6) | 78.2 (77.5, 78.8) | 0.009 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 152 (7) | 167 (14) | <0.001 |
| Previous stroke, n (%) | 112 (5) | 124 (10) | <0.001 |
| Health and lifestyle | |||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 258 (12) | 148 (12) | 0.899 |
| Alcohol,3 units/wk | 8.1 (7.4, 8.7) | 9.0 (8.0, 9.9) | 0.011 |
| Fortified food consumer,4n (%) | 1491 (72) | 848 (70) | 0.278 |
| Vitamin D supplement user, n (%) | 894 (43) | 561 (46) | 0.175 |
1
Data presented are adjusted mean (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated. BP, blood pressure; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor; TUDA, Trinity-Ulster and Department of Agriculture.
2
P < 0.05; analysis via χ2 for categorical variables or ANCOVA for continuous variables (adjusted for age, sex, BMI) on log-transformed data as appropriate with Bonferroni post hoc tests.
3
Alcohol (units per week); 1 unit equates with 25 mL spirits, 220 mL beer, or 85 mL wine.
4
Participants who consumed foods fortified with vitamin B-12 at least once per week.