TABLE 2.
Participant characteristics and concentrations of biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status with respect to PPI usage and atrophic gastritis (n = 3290)1
| PPI users2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls3 | <30 mg/d | ≥30 mg/d | Atrophic gastritis | ||
| n = 1766 | n = 613 | n = 594 | n = 317 | P value4 | |
| Age, y | 72.8 (72.4, 73.2)a | 74.5 (73.8, 75.1)b | 76.8 (76.2, 77.5)c | 74.0 (73.1, 74.9)ab | <0.001 |
| Sex, n (% male) | 619 (35) | 206 (34) | 174 (29) | 104 (33) | 0.082 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 (27.2, 27.7)a | 28.5 (28.1, 28.9)b | 27.8 (27.4, 28.2)ab | 27.9 (27.4, 28.5)ab | 0.001 |
| Serum total vitamin B-12, pmol/L | 268 (262, 274)a | 263 (252, 273)a | 268 (257, 279)a | 229 (215, 243)b | <0.001 |
| Serum holoTC, pmol/L | 62.7 (61.3, 64.1)a | 60.0 (57.5, 62.5)ab | 57.5 (54.9, 60.1)b | 48.3 (44.9, 51.7)c | <0.001 |
| Plasma homocysteine, µmol/L | 14.3 (14.0, 14.6)a | 14.5 (14.1, 15.0)a | 14.8 (14.3, 15.3)a | 16.3 (15.7, 17.0)b | <0.001 |
| cB12 indicator, n (% deficient)5 | 264 (15) | 102 (17) | 148 (25) | 122 (38) | <0.001 |
Data presented are adjusted mean (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated. cB12, combined B12; holoTC, holotranscobalamin; PPI, proton-pump inhibitor.
A small number of participants (n = 9, 0.7%) could not be classified as regards PPI dose and are not included in this analysis.
Participants without atrophic gastritis and nonusers of PPI drugs.
P < 0.05; analysis via χ2 for categorical variables or ANCOVA for continuous variables (adjusted for age, sex, BMI, RBC folate, creatinine, alcohol units per week, fortified food consumption) on log-transformed data where appropriate with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Values across a row without a common superscript letter are significantly different.
cB12 indicator was calculated using serum total vitamin B-12, serum holoTC, plasma homocysteine, serum folate, and age to provide a combined indicator value. A value ≤ −0.5 was defined as deficient (20).