TABLE 3.

Associations of maternal plasma choline and betaine concentrations in the third trimester of pregnancy with child birth weight; weight gain in the first year of life; and weight, height, and BMI z scores at 1–2 y of age¹

	Birth weight,2 g (n = 1331)	Weight gain in first year,2 g (n = 1208)	Weight z score at 1–2 y3 (n = 1263)	Height z score at 1–2 y3 (n = 1263)	BMI z score at 1–2 y3 (n = 1263)
Choline
Per µmol/L (95% CI)	−8.0 (−17.0, 0.9)	19.5 (1.1, 38.0)*	0.01 (−0.01, 0.03)	−0.01 (−0.03, 0.01)	0.02 (0.00, 0.04)*
Per SD	−23.2	56.6*	0.03	−0.03	0.06*
P value	0.08	0.04*	0.19	0.48	0.02*
Betaine
Per µmol/L (95% CI)	1.5 (−4.2, 7.1)	12.3 (0.8, 23.9)*	0.01 (−0.00, 0.02)	0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.01 (−0.00, 0.02)
Per SD	6.9	56.6*	0.05	0.01	0.05
P value	0.61	0.04*	0.13	0.78	0.08

¹Values are regression coefficients (95% CIs) per 1 µmol/L and per SD of choline and betaine unless otherwise indicated. Analyses were adjusted for child sex, age of outcome measurement (except for birth weight), child ethnicity, design variables (storage time, type of tube used for storage, pregnancy duration at time of blood collection, year and season of blood collection, recruitment group), and maternal covariables (living region within the Netherlands, education, gravidity, age at the beginning of pregnancy, height, prepregnancy BMI, alcohol use in the third trimester, smoking in the third trimester, and gestational diabetes). *Significant associations.

²Analyzed with multivariable linear regression.

³Analyzed with generalized estimation equations for repeated measurements with an unstructured correlation structure.