TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants1
| Characteristics | Fatty acid analysis | No milk sample available |
|---|---|---|
| Sex, female | 62/114 (54.4) | 9/11 (81.8) |
| Birth weight, g | 884.9 ± 19.1 | 914.5 ± 59.7 |
| Gestational age at birth,2 wk | 27.7 ± 0.2 | 27.7 ± 0.6 |
| Multiple birth status | 40/114 (35.1) | 4/11 (36.4) |
| Small for gestational age | 28/114 (24.6) | 1/11 (9.1) |
| Received antenatal steroids | 102/114 (89.5) | 8/11 (72.7) |
| SNAP-II score3 | 13.3 ± 1.0 | 17.6 ± 5.1 |
| Apgar score at 5 min | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 7.4 ± 0.5 |
| Any donor milk intake | 52/114 (45.6) | 11/11 (100.0)* |
| Randomization group HMBF | 59/114 (51.8) | 5/11 (45.5) |
| Morbidity composite4 | 50/114 (43.9) | 2/11 (18.2) |
| Brain injury5 | 16/114 (14.0) | 3/11 (27.3) |
| Cesarean delivery | 73/114 (64.0) | 4/11 (36.4) |
| Season of delivery | ||
| Winter | 35/114 (30.1) | 5/11 (45.5) |
| Spring | 31/114 (27.2) | 0/11 (0.0) |
| Summer | 24/114 (21.1) | 3/11 (27.3) |
| Fall | 24/114 (21.1) | 3/11 (27.3) |
| Mother's age, y | 33.1 ± 0.5 | 35.1 ± 2.3 |
| Mother's education | ||
| High school or less | 17/113 (15.0) | 2/10 (20.0) |
| College or vocational diploma | 39/113 (34.5) | 7/10 (70.0) |
| Baccalaureate | 40/113 (35.4) | 1/10 (10.0) |
| Postbaccalaureate | 17/113 (15.0) | 0/10 (0.0) |
| Mother's ethnicity | ||
| Eastern or Western European | 41/113 (36.3) | 1/10 (10.0) |
| East or Southeast Asian | 23/113 (20.4) | 4/10 (40.0) |
| South or West Asian | 21/113 (18.6) | 1/10 (10.0) |
| African or Caribbean | 24/113 (21.2) | 2/10 (20.0) |
| Other (including Latin American and mixed backgrounds) | 4/113 (3.5) | 2/10 (20.0) |
| Maternal parity >1 | 41/114 (36.0) | 5/11 (45.5) |
| Maternal BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5 ± 0.4 | 29.1 ± 1.0 |
| Maternal smoking | 7/114 (6.1) | 3/11 (27.3)* |
| Language spoken at home | ||
| English | 57/101 (56.4) | 4/8 (50.0) |
| Mixed English and other language | 31/101 (30.7) | 2/8 (25.0) |
| Language other than English | 13/101 (12.9) | 2/8 (25.0) |
| Not married | 6/101 (5.9) | 1/8 (12.5) |
| Family living below the poverty line6 | 23/112 (20.5) | 7/11 (63.6)* |
Values are mean ± SE or n (%). The trial initially enrolled 127 infants; however, 2 died before study day 1 and were not included in subsequent analyses. *Statistically significant difference, P < 0.05. Apgar, appearance pulse grimace activity respiration; HMBF, human milk–based fortifier group; SNAP-II, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology II.
Gestational age determined using maternal estimates of last menstrual period. If the early ultrasound prediction differed by ≥2 wk, the gestational age estimate derived from the early ultrasound was used.
Scores may range from 0 to 100 with higher values indicating higher neonatal risk and newborn illness.
Includes late-onset sepsis, chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and retinopathy of prematurity requiring treatment.
Includes echodense intraparenchymal lesions, periventricular leukomalacia, porencephalic cysts, or ventriculomegaly with or without intraventricular hemorrhage.
Based on 2012 Statistics Canada family size–adjusted cutoff values.