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. 2021 Oct 4;20:128. doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01422-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Type and frequency of RAS mutations in human cancers. a. Somatic mutations of RAS oncogene in the top 10 human cancers. b. The frequency and location of G12, G13, and Q61 mutations in the exons of RAS oncogenes. c. The frequency and type of KRAS mutations in codon 12 in pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung adenocarcinoma. The data were derived from recent studies using the COSMIC or cBioPortal database [2, 14, 19]