Table 1.

Identified PTMs on DNA sensors.

DNA sensor	Sensing location/pathway
PTM: amino acid(s)	PTM characterization	References
AIM2 –	Cytoplasm/Inflammasome –	Burckstummer et al. (2009) and Hornung et al. (2009)
cGAS  Acetylation: K7a, K21c, K47c, K50abc, K62c, K63c, K82c, K83c, K198b, K285b, K292b, K355b, K384ab, K392a, K394a, K414a, K432b, and K479b Deamidation: N210d, N389d, Q451dand Q454d Glutamylation: E272e, E302e Phosphorylation: S13l, S37bl, S64l, T69l, T91l, S116bl, S129l, S143lm, S201b, Y215g, S221b, S263b, and S305bfl SUMOylation: K217h, K464h Ubiquitinationk: K271i, K335j, K414i	Cytoplasm/STING  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis In-vitro assay IP-MS identification Targeted MS (PRM)	Sun et al. (2013) and Wu et al. (2013) Dai et al. (2019)a Song et al. (2020a)b Song et al. (2020b)c Zhang et al. (2018)d Xia et al. (2016)e Seo et al. (2015)f and Liu et al. (2018)g Hu et al. (2016)h Chen et al. (2016a)i, Seo et al. (2018)j and Chen and Chen (2019)k Li et al. (2021)l and Olsen et al. (2010)m
DAI –	Cytoplasm/STING –	Takaoka et al. (2007)
DDX41  Ubiquitinationa Phosphorylation: S4b, S21b, and S23b SUMOylation: K416c and K442c	Cytoplasm/STING  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis In-vitro assay	Zhang et al. (2011b) Zhang et al. (2013a)a Dephoure et al. (2008)b, Mayya et al.(2009)b, Olsen et al. (2010)b and Zhou et al. (2013a)b Hendriks et al. (2017)c
DHX9  Methylationa: K146c and R1175c Phosphorylationb: S87d, S125d, S321d, S449d, and S506d Acetylation: K191e, K199e, and K1024e SUMOylation: K697f	Cytoplasm/MyD88  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis In-vitro assay	Kim et al. (2010) Smith et al. (2004)a and Sadler et al. (2009)b Guo et al. (2014)c Bian et al. (2014)d, Dephoure et al. (2008)d, Olsen et al. (2010)d and Zhou et al. (2013a)d Choudhary et al. (2009)e Hendriks et al. (2017)f
DHX36  Acetylation: K947a Phosphorylation: S161b and S963b	Cytoplasm/MyD88 –	Kim et al. (2010) Choudhary et al. (2009) a Zhou et al. (2013a) b
DNA-PK: PRKDC  Phosphorylation: S2056c, T2609abc, S2612bf, T2638bf, T2647bf, S511g, S687g, S841g, S1065g, T2535g, S2789g, S3205g, S3731g, S3821g, and S4026g Acetylation: K117h, K828h, K1209h, K1970h, K2259h, K3241h, K3260h, K3621h, K3638h, and K3642h Ku70  ADP-ribosylatione Phosphorylation: S6a, S51d, S2g, S27g, S306g, T455g, S477g, S520g, S550g, S560g SUMOylation: K287i, K317i, and K556i Ku80  ADP-ribosylatione	Cytoplasm/HSPA8  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis In-vitro assay MS identification	Burleigh et al. (2020), Ferguson et al. (2012) and Zhang et al. (2011a) Chan et al. (2002)a Douglas et al. (2002)b Wechsler et al. (2004)c Jin and Weaver (1997)d Beck et al. (2014)e Ismail et al. (2015)f Olsen et al. (2010)g, Rigbolt et al. (2011)g and Zhou et al. (2013a)g Choudhary et al. (2009)h Hendriks et al. (2014)i and Hendriks et al. (2017)i
Phosphorylation: S577a, S579a, S580a, T715a, S255g, S258g, S318g, and T535g Ubiquitinationf Acetylation: K144h, K265h, K332h, K660h, and K665h SUMOylation: K195i, K532i, K534i, K566i, K568i, K669i, and K688i
hnRNPA2B1  Methylation/Demethylation: Arg226a Acetylation: K168b and K173b Methylation: R203c, R213c, R228c, R238c, R266c, R325c, and R350c Phosphorylation: T4d, S29d, S85d, T140d, T159d, T176d, S189d, S201d, S212d, S225d, S231d, S236d, S259d, S324d, Y331d, S341d, S344d, and Y347d SUMOylation: K22e, K104e, K112e, K120e, K137e, K152e, K168e and K173e	Nucleus/STING  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis	Wang et al. (2019) Wang et al. (2019)a Choudhary et al. (2009)b Guo et al. (2014)c Bian et al. (2014)d, Mayya et al. (2009)d, Olsen et al. (2010)d, Rigbolt et al.(2011)d and Zhou et al. (2013a)d Hendriks et al. (2017)e
IFI16  Acetylation: K45a, K99a, K128a, K214a, K444a, K451a, K561a, K598a, and K614a Phosphorylationb: S95a, S106a, S153a, S168a, S174a, S575a, S780a Ubiquitinationc SUMOylation: K116d, K128d, K561d, and K683d	Nucleus/STING  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis In-vitro assay IP-MS identification	Kerur et al. (2011) and Unterholzner et al. (2010) Li et al. (2012)a Dell’Oste et al. (2014)b Li et al. (2019)c Hendriks et al. (2014)d, Hendriks et al. (2017)d and Hendriks et al. (2015)d
IFIX –	Nucleus/STING –	Diner et al. (2015a)
LRRFIP1  Phosphorylation: S16a, S115a, S116a, S120a, S555a, S581a, S618a, T676a, S714a, S733a, S766a, S768a SUMOylation: K305b, K606b	Cytoplasm/β-catenin –	Yang et al. (2010) Bian et al. (2014)a, Dephoure et al. (2008)a, Mayya et al. (2009)a, Olsen et al. (2010)a and Zhou et al. (2013a)a Hendriks et al. (2017)b and Impens et al. (2014)b
MRE11  Methylation in gly-arg-rich regiona Phosphorylation: S275b, S619b, S649b, S678b, S688b, S689b, and S701b SUMOylation: K255c, K416c, and K625c	Cytoplasm/STING  Ab-based detection Mutagenesis In-vitro assay IP-MS validation	Kondo et al. (2013) Zhuang et al. (2009)a Bian et al. (2014)b, Dephoure et al. (2008)b, Mayya et al. (2009)b, Olsen et al. (2010)b and Zhou et al. (2013a)b Hendriks et al. (2017)c
RNA Pol III  Acetylation: K445	Cytoplasm/RIG-I –	Ablasser et al. (2009) and Chiu et al. (2009) Choudhary et al. (2009)a
TLR9  Ubiquitination	Endosome/MyD88  Ab-based detection	Krieg et al. (1995) and Takeshita et al. (2001) Chuang and Ulevitch (2004)

Listed in the table are the PTM types and sites, PTM characterization approaches, DNA sensing location and pathway involved, and the papers that reported the DNA sensor identification (first line) or the identification of the PTMs.

The functionally characterized sites are labeled in bold.

Superscript letters denote the papers that reported the identification of specific PTM sites.