TABLE 1.
Demographic, clinical, genotypic, and cognitive characteristics.
| Parkinson’s (n = 63) | Control (n = 43) | p | ηp2 | |
| Age (years) | 65.3 (6.5) | 64.1(8.5) | 0.39 | 0.01 |
| Education (years) | 17.0 (2.1) | 17.0 (2.1) | 0.88 | 0.00 |
| Sex (% females) | 41.3% | 44.2% | 0.77 | |
| Handedness (% right-handed) | 84.1% | 88.4% | 0.54 | |
| Wechsler Test of Adult Reading | 44.4 (4.9) | 45.6 (3.8) | 0.22 | 0.02 |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment | 27.0 (2.3) | 27.6 (2.0) | 0.15 | 0.03 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 6.5 (5.6) | 2.4 (3.5) | 0.001 | 0.16 |
| Disease duration (years) | 4.7 (3.8) | |||
| Levodopa dosage equivalence† | 927 (654) | |||
| UPDRS Part III | 23.0 (11.4) | |||
| Hoehn and Yahr stage1:2:3:4 | 12:48:2:1 | |||
| MAPT rs9468 H1/H1:H2 | 43:20 | 32:11 | 0.49 | |
| MAPT rs242557 GG:A | 30:33 | 13:30 | 0.07 | |
| Attention and working memory | ||||
| Adaptive Digit Ordering | 6.4 (1.8) | 6.6 (2.2) | 0.58 | 0.00 |
| DKEFS Color + Word Naming | 22.2 (7.3) | 21.8 (4.5) | 0.75 | 0.00 |
| Executive functioning (DKEFS) | ||||
| Category Switching (accuracy) | 13.5 (2.8) | 13.3 (3.1) | 0.79 | 0.00 |
| Color-Word Inhibition/Switching§ | 63.8 (21.7) | 58.1 (13.6) | 0.13 | 0.02 |
| DKEFS Letter Fluency‡ | 45.2 (12.0) | 49.3 (12.6) | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Episodic memory | ||||
| CVLT-II Long Delay Free Recall | 9.1 (3.3) | 11.3 (3.0) | 0.001 | 0.11 |
| BVMT-R Long Delay Free Recall | 8.2 (2.6) | 9.9 (1.9) | 0.001 | 0.11 |
| Visuospatial processing | ||||
| Judgment of Line Orientation | 25.3 (2.8) | 26.9 (2.7) | 0.004 | 0.08 |
| Hooper Visual Organization | 25.4 (2.3) | 27.3 (3.3) | 0.001 | 0.10 |
| Semantic Language | ||||
| Boston Naming | 57.6 (2.6) | 58.3 (1.7) | 0.12 | 0.02 |
| DKEFS Category Fluency‡ | 43.3 (8.7) | 44.2 (9.1) | 0.61 | 0.00 |
| Fame discrimination task | ||||
| d’ | 3.6 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.81) | 0.34 | 0.01 |
| % correct: famous names, unfamiliar names | 0.90 (0.08) 0.96 (0.10) | 0.89 (0.10) 0.96 (0.08) | 0.69 | 0.00 |
| Reaction time: famous names, unfamiliar names | 1178 (242) 1268 (309) | 1164 (215) 1298 (283) | 0.32 | 0.01 |
Tabled values are raw score means (standard deviations), except for genotypes, which are expressed as the frequency of different alleles. Group differences were tested using ANOVA and Pearson chi-square statistics (sex, handedness, and genotype).
†Levodopa dosage equivalence was calculated using the method of Tomlinson (Tomlinson et al., 2010). Data are based on 57 participants who were taking dopaminergic therapy.
§ An outlier was found for one PD participant, who had a raw score of 180. When this subject was removed from the data, tests for group differences remained non-significant [PD mean (SD) = 62.0 (15.9); p < 0.20, ηp2 = 0.02].
‡Letters for the Letter Fluency test were F, A, and S. Categories for the Category Fluency test were animals and boy’s names.
BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test Version 2; DKEFS, Delis Kaplan Executive Function System; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.