Table 2.

Various types of bioactive components used to form bioactive hydrogels for wound healing applications

Components		Role	Reference
Ceramic based NPs	Bioactive glass	Improve vascularization via stimulatory effects on gap junction communication between HUVECs and upregulated connexin43 expression. Prompt expression of VEGF and FGF in HUVECs	[231]
	Titanium oxide	Improve antibacterial property through ROS generation. Improve mechanical and swelling properties along with hydrophilic characteristics. Accelerate healing of open excision wounds type	[232]
	Zinc oxide	Improve antibacterial property, antineoplastic, promote keratinocyte motility, angiogenesis and wound healing	[64a, 233]
	Copper oxide	Improve antibacterial property, increase gene and in situ up-regulation of proangiogenic factors. Increase blood vessel formation. Enhance wound closure	[234]
	Laponite	Improve antibacterial and hemostatic properties. Ability to encapsulate various types of drug like molecules	[64e, 74a, 208b]
Carbon-based NPs	CNTs	Effective bactericidal activity against bacteria, cause RNA efflux, and disrupt cell membranes of bacteria	[208b, 235]
	Carbon quantum dots	Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity. pH sensitivity. Antibacterial activity	[236]
	Graphene	Antimicrobial activity against microbes such as E. coli., S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Stimulate collagen synthesis.	[237]
	Nanodiamonds	Sustained release of the angiogenic growth factor. Improve mechanical properties of hydrogel,	[238]
Metallic NPs	Au	Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Stimulate high expression of pro-angiogenic agents. Stability against enzymatic degradation of collagen	[239]
	Silver	Avoid contamination and colonization. Anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis for wound treatment. Decrease secretion of VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines	[135, 240]
	Gallium	Antimicrobial activity. Increase capability to enhance thrombus generation	[241]
Polymeric NPs	Chitosan	Assist blood coagulation by attaching to red blood cells. Promote inflammatory cell functions.	[242]
	Lignin	Inherent antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities	[243]
	PLGA	Control the release of various therapeutic agents	[93]
Composite NPs	Mesoporous silica/ CuS	Antibacterial activity. Promote new tissue formation	[90]
	Ag/graphene	Excellent antibacterial abilities. Accelerate the healing rate of artificial wounds	[244]
	Ag/chitosan NPs	Improve antibacterial activity. in vitro antioxidant activities and hemolytic behaviour. Enhance wound healing, Prevent the oxidative damage. Enhanced the wound re-epithelialization.	[245]
Essential Oils	Melaleuca alternifolia, Hypericum perforatum	Improve antimicrobial properties, non-toxic to fibroblasts, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy	[246]
Honey		Inhibit microbial biofilm growth, granulation and angiogenesis stimulation, reduced inflammation, improve wound epithelialization	[247]
Peptides		Antibacterial ability, anti-endotoxin, wound healing.	[91–92, 201, 248]