TABLE 1.

Groups of oligosaccharides that are recognized as targets of ige

Glycan groups	Names	Glycan examples	Abbreviation examples	Allergens with these glycans
Clinical significance has been reported for some of these glycans
Group A	N-Glycans (“Classical” cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants or CCDs)	Glycans on horseradish peroxidase Glycans on pineapple bromelain Glycans on insect venoms (Phospholipase A2, hyaluronidases)	MMXF3 MUXF3 MMF3 MMF3F6, MUF3F6	Sola l 2 Ole e 1 Ana c 2 Api g 5 Bla g 2 Api m 1 Ves v 2
Group B	Mammalian non-human oligosaccharides	Disaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (eg, in bovine thyroglobulin, cetuximab, red meat, tick bites) Monosaccharide N-glycolyl neuraminic acid	Alpha-gal NGNA or Neu5Gca
Clinical significance of these glycans needs further investigation
Group C	O-Glycans	Gum arabic from acacia (used as an emulsifier and a thickening agent) Glycans in some yeasts and molds Single hydroxyproline-linked β-arabinoses in Art v 1/Amb a 4		Amb a 4 Art v 1 Phl p 1a
Group D	Glycans from nematode parasites	Glycans on schistosomes and schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEA)	MMXdF Glycan on Kappa-5
Group E	Galacto-oligosaccharides	Commercially produced prebiotics consisting of mixtures of oligomers containing glucose and polymerized galactose, produced from milk through enzymatic conversion of lactose by bacterial beta-galactosidase.	GOSa

^aClinical relevance of these oligosaccharides as allergens is currently under investigation.