Table 3.
Breast cancer risk and estrogen level changes assessed in dietary intervention studies.
| Intervention Focus | Estrone (E1) | Estradiol (E2) | 2/16 α-hydroxy-estrone ratio | SHBG | Impact on breast cancer risk | Reported p-Value | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | E1(0.001), E2 (0.03) | (7) | ||
| Alcohol | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | E1 (0.0001), SHBG (0.03) | (8) | ||
| Alcohol | ↑ | ↑ | 30 g/day E1 (0.009) | (9) | |||
| Animal Products | ↑ | ↓ | ↑ | Total E1 (0.02), Free E1 (0.03) | (10) | ||
| SHBG Total Red Meat (0.04) SHBG Fresh Red Meat (<0.01) | |||||||
| DHA | = | = | = | = | (12) | ||
| Fat intake | ↑ | ↑ | E1 (0.04) | (13) | |||
| Fat Intake | ↑ (low fat) | ↑ (low fat) | ↑ | Total E1 (0.02), E1+E2+E3 (0.02) | (14) | ||
| Fat Intake | ↑ (high fat) | Plasma E2 (0.02) | (15) | ||||
| Fat Intake | ↑ (low fat high fiber) | ↓ | 95% CI (−0.46, −0.10), | (16) | |||
| Flaxseed | ↑ | ↓ | 95% CI: (1.15-2.06) | (17) | |||
| Flaxseed | = | = | (18) | ||||
| Flaxseed | ↓ | ↑ | 2/16α-OHE1 (0.02) | (19) | |||
| Grape Seed Extract | = | = | = | (20) | |||
| Grapefruit | ↑(E1S) ↓(E1) | ↓ | E1 after 4 hours (0.009) | (21) | |||
| Grapefruit | ↑ | ↓ | SHBG (0.03) | (22) | |||
| Green Tea | = | (23) | |||||
| Mediterranean Diet | = | (24) | |||||
| Overall Diet | ↑ | ↓ | SHBG (0.0001) | (25) | |||
| Overall Diet | ↑ | ↑ | E2 CI Western Diet (0.1 – 0.29), Eggs (0.106-0.441), Red Meat (0.01 – 1.01) | (26) | |||
| Pomegranate | ↓ (normal weight women) | ↓ | E1 (0.05) | (27) | |||
| Soy | = | (28) | |||||
| Soy | ↑ | ↓ | NR | (32) | |||
| Soy | ↓ | ↓ | E1(0.047) | (30) | |||
| Soy | = | (31) | |||||
| Soy | = | (32) | |||||
| Soy | ↑ | ↓ | SBHG (<0.05) | (33) | |||
| Soy | = | (34) |
NR, not reported.
“↑”, “↓” and “=” stand for "increased" , "decreased" and "no change".