Table 5.

Breast cancer risk and estrogen level changes assessed in dual intervention studies.

Intervention Focus	Estrone (E1)	Estradiol (E2)	2/16 α-hydroxy-estrone ratio	SHBG	Impact on breast cancer risk	Reported p-Value	Ref.
Weight Loss	↓	↓ (diet, diet + exercise)		↑ (diet, diet + exercise)	↓	SHBG (<0.001), E1 (<0.001), E2 (<0.001)	(47)
Weight Loss		↓			↓	E2 (−113.1, -10.5)	(49)
Weight Loss				↑	↓	SHBG (<0.01)	(38)
Weight Loss	↓	↓		↑	↓	E2 (<0.001), SHBG (<0.001)	(48)

“↑” and “↓” stand for "increased" and "decreased".