Figure 2.

(a) IRS-4 protein expression level score in the venous wall of patients with CVeD and HV. (b) Histological image showing IRS-4 protein expression in the three venous wall layers of CVeD patients. (c) Histological image showing IRS-4 protein expression in smooth muscle cells from CVeD patients. (e) Histological image showing IRS-4 protein expression in an arteriole from the tunica adventitia of CVeD patients. (e–f) Histological images showing limited IRS-4 protein expression in the tunica adventitia in healthy tissue from HV controls. ***p < 0.0001.

IRS-4, insulin receptor substrate; CVeD, chronic venous disease; HV, healthy venous controls; I, tunica intima; M, tunic media; A, tunica adventitia.