Table 2.
Associations between ever use of individual pesticides and kidney function among male pesticide applicators enrolled in the Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture Studya
|
eGFR
|
CKD
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticide | Nexposed/Nunexposed | Percent Change (95% CI)b | NCKD/Nexposedc | OR (95% CI)d |
|
| ||||
| HERBICIDES | ||||
| Atrazine | 1320/225 | −3.7 (−6.9 to −0.4) | 180/1320 | 1.8 (1.0 to 3.0) |
| Dicamba | 996/549 | −2.8 (−5.3 to −0.2) | 120/996 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) |
| Cyanazine | 789/756 | 1.5 (−1.0 to 4.0) | 98/789 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) |
| Chlorimuron-Ethyl | 616/929 | 0.6 (−1.9 to 3.1) | 45/616 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.4) |
| Metolachlor/S-Metolachlor | 824/721 | −0.7 (−2.9 to 1.6) | 104/824 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.8) |
| EPTC | 282/1263 | 1.0 (−1.8 to 4.0) | 28/282 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
| Alachlor | 957/588 | −1.0 (−3.2 to 1.4) | 124/957 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) |
| Metribuzin | 726/819 | −2.6 (−5.3 to 0.2) | 96/726 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.6) |
| Paraquat | 388/1157 | −1.8 (−4.4 to 0.9) | 60/388 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) |
| Petroleum Distillates | 840/705 | 2.1 (−0.1 to 4.4) | 108/840 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) |
| Pendimethalin | 734/811 | −3.7 (−5.8 to −1.5) | 103/734 | 1.6 (1.1 to 2.2) |
| Imazethapyr | 661/884 | −1.8 (−4.2 to 0.6) | 74/661 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) |
| Glyphosate | 1443/102 | 3.2 (−1.3 to 7.9) | 182/1443 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.6) |
| Silvex | 196/1349 | −0.8 (−4.5 to 3.0) | 34/196 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) |
| Butylate | 622/923 | 1.7 (−1.0 to 4.4) | 79/622 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.2) |
| Trifluralin | 716/829 | −1.2 (−3.8 to 1.5) | 101/716 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| 2,4-D | 1358/187 | 1.7 (−1.7 to 5.3) | 172/1358 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
| 2,4,5-T | 471/1074 | −1.7 (−4.5 to 1.1) | 82/471 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) |
| INSECTICIDES | ||||
| Permethrin | 614/931 | −0.6 (−2.9 to 1.7) | 60/614 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) |
| Terbufos | 755/790 | 0.6 (−1.7 to 3.0) | 90/755 | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.4) |
| Fonofos | 463/1082 | −0.7 (−3.2 to 1.8) | 62/463 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| Lindane | 442/1103 | −0.4 (−2.8 to 2.1) | 58/442 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) |
| Carbofuran | 566/979 | 0.2 (−2.0 to 2.6) | 80/566 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) |
| Chlorpyrifos | 847/698 | 1.5 (−0.7 to 3.8) | 94/847 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) |
| Malathion | 1255/290 | 3.5 (0.7 to 6.5) | 155/1255 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) |
| Methyl Parathion | 250/1295 | 2.0 (−1.0 to 5.2) | 37/250 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
| Carbaryl | 888/657 | 1.8 (−0.5 to 4.3) | 117/888 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) |
| Diazinon | 536/1009 | 1.8 (−0.8 to 4.4) | 69/536 | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.0) |
| Phorate | 598/947 | 1.0 (−1.4 to 3.5) | 76/598 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) |
| Aldrin | 345/1200 | 0.4 (−2.8 to 3.8) | 67/345 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) |
| Chlordane | 451/1094 | −1.1 (−3.9 to 1.8) | 80/451 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) |
| Dieldrin | 127/1418 | 0.7 (−3.7 to 5.4) | 26/127 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) |
| DDT | 402/1143 | 2.2 (−0.6 to 5.2) | 83/402 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) |
| Heptachlor | 341/1204 | −1.3 (−4.4 to 1.9) | 68/341 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) |
| Toxaphene | 244/1301 | 1.8 (−1.6 to 5.3) | 40/244 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.3) |
| Coumaphos | 179/1366 | 0.3 (−3.0 to 3.8) | 21/179 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.6) |
| Dichlorvos | 257/1288 | 0.3 (−2.6 to 3.4) | 35/257 | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) |
| FUNGICIDES | ||||
| Captan | 225/1320 | 0.0 (−3.1 to 3.2) | 32/225 | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.8) |
| Metalaxyl | 361/1184 | −1.4 (−4.2 to 1.6) | 47/361 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) |
| FUMIGANTS | ||||
| Methyl Bromide | 198/1347 | 5.3 (0.8 to 10.0) | 22/198 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.8) |
| Tetrachloride/Carbon Disulfide | 121/1424 | −2.0 (−6.0 to 2.1) | 26/121 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) |
Notes: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; OR, odds ratio.
Analysis included a total of 1545 BEEA participants, of which 204 were classified as having CKD (i.e., estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2)
Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the percent change in the geometric mean estimated glomerular filtration rate and 95% confidence intervals among individual pesticide users compared to never users, controlling for age at interview, state of residence, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and correlated pesticides.
Nckd/Nexposed refers to the number of participants with CKD out of the number of participants exposed to a specific pesticide.
Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between individual pesticide users and chronic kidney disease status compared to never users, controlling for age at interview, state of residence, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and correlated pesticides.
Bold results denote a P-value <0.05