Table 3.
Associations between cumulative intensity-weighted lifetime days of use across select pesticides and kidney function
| Total Population | Active Farmers a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eGFR |
CKD |
eGFR |
CKD |
||||||
| Pesticide | IWLDb | Nc | Percent Change (95% CI)d | Ne | OR (95% CI)f | Nc | Percent Change (95% CI)d | Ne | OR (95% CI)f |
|
| |||||||||
| HERBICIDES | |||||||||
| Pendimethalin | 0 | 811 | Ref | 101 | Ref | 654 | Ref | 70 | Ref |
| 28–310 | 115 | −4.9 (−8.9 to −0.8) | 22 | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.4) | 104 | −4.5 (−8.5 to −0.4) | 17 | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.3) | |
| >310–836 | 112 | −4.2 (−8.3 to 0.0) | 16 | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.0) | 102 | −4.9 (−8.9 to −0.7) | 14 | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.4) | |
| >836–2140 | 113 | −4.3 (−8.3 to −0.1) | 16 | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.9) | 99 | −3.7 (−7.7 to 0.6) | 11 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.9) | |
| >2140–34554 | 113 | −2.8 (−6.9 to 1.5) | 16 | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.6) | 98 | −3.2 (−7.3 to 1.1) | 13 | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.6) | |
| p trend g | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.04 | |||||
| Atrazine | 0 | 225 | Ref | 24 | Ref | 153 | Ref | 10 | Ref |
| 25–1587 | 324 | −3 (−6.7 to 0.8) | 49 | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.1) | 261 | −3.9 (−8.0 to 0.3) | 34 | 2.8 (1.2 to 6.2) | |
| >1587–4340 | 325 | −5 (−8.7 to −1.2) | 47 | 2.0 (1.1 to 3.7) | 276 | −5.0 (−9.0 to −0.8) | 31 | 2.6 (1.1 to 6.0) | |
| >4340–9799 | 322 | −1.9 (−5.8 to 2.0) | 41 | 1.5 (0.8 to 2.8) | 287 | −2.8 (−6.9 to 1.5) | 35 | 2.3 (1.0 to 5.1) | |
| >9799–127520 | 324 | −3.2 (−7.0 to 0.7) | 41 | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.1) | 302 | −4.0 (−8.0 to 0.2) | 37 | 2.6 (1.1 to 5.8) | |
| p trend g | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.48 | |||||
| INSECTICIDES | |||||||||
| Malathion | 0 | 290 | Ref | 49 | Ref | 21 8 | Ref | 4 1 | Ref |
| 20–385 | 207 | 4.1 (0.2 to 8.1) | 24 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 184 | 4.5 (0.4 to 8.6) | 19 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.3) | |
| >385–1080 | 207 | 1.9 (−1.8 to 5.9) | 30 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 179 | 1.6 (−2.3 to 5.8) | 25 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | |
| >1080–2940 | 205 | 3.0 (−0.8 to 7.0) | 27 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 169 | 4.6 (0.4 to 8.9) | 17 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.1) | |
| >2940–117600 | 204 | 6.8 (2.9 to 10.9) | 17 | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) | 175 | 7.0 (2.9 to 11.4) | 12 | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.7) | |
| p trend g | 0.003 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.01 | |||||
| FUMIGANTS | |||||||||
| Methyl Bromide | 0 | 1347 | Ref | 182 | Ref | 11 51 | Ref | 13 4 | Ref |
| 7–257 | 49 | 3.9 (−2.8 to 11.0) | 4 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.4) | 31 | 5.8 (−2.1 to 14.3) | 0 | —h | |
| >257–960 | 49 | 5.8 (−1.3 to 13.5) | 6 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.6) | 39 | 2.6 (−4.8 to 10.6) | 5 | 1.0 (0.3 to 3.0) | |
| >960–2410 | 49 | 6.8 (−0.5 to 14.5) | 6 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.1) | 40 | 1.2 (−6.1 to 9.1) | 4 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.6) | |
| >2410–102000 | 49 | 4.8 (−2.3 to 12.5) | 6 | 0.4 (0.2 to 1.2) | 39 | 0.1 (−7.2 to 8.0) | 5 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.9) | |
| p trend g | 0.31 | 0.12 | 0.90 | 0.39 | |||||
Notes: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IWLD, cumulative intensity-weighted lifetime days; OR, odds ratio.
Reported farming activities or occupational pesticide use within the last 12 months.
Cumulative value across all reported use from Agricultural Health Study and Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect in Agriculture study interviews.
Number of individuals who provided additional information on application method and use of personal protective equipment for individual pesticides (sum of participants are unique to each pesticide).
Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the percent change in the geometric mean estimated glomerular filtration rate and 95% confidence intervals among individual pesticide users compared to never users, controlling for age at interview, state of residence, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and correlated pesticides.
Number of individuals characterized as having chronic kidney disease (i.e., an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between individual pesticide users and CKD status compared to never users, controlling for age at interview, state of residence, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and correlated pesticides.
Based on intra-quartile median values of intensity-weighted lifetime days
No OR estimated due to lack of CKD cases in strata
Bold results denote a P-value <0.05