Table 4.
Final model of effects between PTSD, PTSD symptom clusters, and pain predicting AUD symptomology between men and women. Estimates are displayed as β [95% CI].
| Variable | Model 1 PTSD and pain main effect | Model 2 PTSD and pain interaction | Model 3 PTSD symptom cluster and pain main effects | Model 4 PTSD symptom cluster and pain interactions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||
| Covariates | ||||
| Intercept | 13.87 [10.21, 16.93] | 14.99 [11.37, 18.62] | 14.23 [10.60, 17.87] | 15.57 [11.94, 19.20] |
| Age | −0.07 [−0.17, 0.02] | −0.07 [−0.16, 0.02] | −0.07 [−0.16, 0.02] | −0.07 [−0.16, 0.02] |
| Sex | ||||
| White (ref) | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Hispanic | −0.004 [−1.25, 1.23] | −0.12 [−1.34, 1.09] | −0.16 [−1.38, 1.07] | −0.25 [−1.46, 0.96] |
| Black | 0.02 [−1.26, 1.30] | 0.07 [−1.19, 1.33] | −0.20 [−1.48, 1.07] | −0.12 [−1.38, 1.14] |
| Other race | −4.84 [−6.90, −2.78] | −4.57 [−6.61, −2.54] | −4.76 [−6.80, −2.72] | −4.43 [−6.45, −2.42] |
| Combat exposure | 4.67 [2.91, 6.44] | 3.74 [1.96, 5.51] | 4.25 [2.47, 6.03] | 3.17 [1.38, 4.97] |
| PCL-5 total score | 0.12 [0.10, 0.14] | 0.13 [0.11, 0.15] | ||
| Pain | 0.06 [0.04, 0.07] | 0.07 [0.05, 0.08] | 0.06 [0.04, 0.07] | 0.10 [0.07, 0.12] |
| PTSD symptom clusters | ||||
| Re-experiencing | 0.42 [0.27, 0.58] | 0.47 [0.36, 0.58] | ||
| Avoidance | −0.01 [−0.28, 0.27] | 0.05 [−0.20, 0.29] | ||
| Negative cognitions/mood | 0.21 [0.09, 0.32] | |||
| Hyperarousal | −0.22 [−0.38, −0.06] | |||
| Interactions | ||||
| PTSD* Pain | −0.002 [−0.003, −0.001] | |||
| Re-experiencing* Pain | −0.004 [−0.01, 0.000] | |||
| Avoidance* Pain | −0.01 [−0.02, −0.003] | |||
| Women | ||||
| Covariates | ||||
| Intercept | 12.04 [3.38, 19.31] | 11.03 [2.55, 19.51] | 12.29 [3.46, 21.13] | 10.68 [2.07, 19.30] |
| Age | −0.25 [−0.51, 0.01] | −0.18 [−0.44, 0.08] | −0.25 [−0.52, 0.01] | −0.18 [−0.44, 0.08] |
| Sex | ||||
| White (ref) | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Hispanic | −0.84 [−3.71, 2.03] | −0.16 [−3.01, 2.68] | −0.67 [−3.64, 2.30] | 0.01 [−2.83, 2.85] |
| Black | 6.31 [2.42, 10.18] | 6.13 [2.35, 9.92] | 6.50 [2.51, 10.48] | 6.28 [2.51, 10.06] |
| Other race | 1.89 [−4.47, 8.25] | 2.66 [−3.57, 8.88] | −0.20 [−4.37, 8.45] | 2.91 [−3.32, 9.13] |
| Combat exposure | 5.50 [2.66, 7.87] | 4.76 [1.95, 7.58] | 5.39 [2.52, 8.26] | 4.99 [2.21, 7.77] |
| PCL-5 total score | 0.01 [−0.07, 0.10] | 0.03 [−0.06, 0.12] | ||
| Pain | 0.01 [−0.04, 0.06] | 0.01 [−0.04, 0.06] | 0.01 [−0.04, 0.06] | 0.01 [−0.04, 0.05] |
| PTSD symptom clusters | ||||
| Re-experiencing | −0.07 [−0.52, 0.37] | |||
| Avoidance | 0.11 [−0.61, 0.83] | |||
| Negative cognitions/mood | −0.001 [−0.31, 0.31] | 0.06 [−0.15, 0.27] | ||
| Hyperarousal | 0.06 [−0.38, 0.50] | |||
| Interactions | ||||
| PTSD* Pain | −0.002 [−0.004, −0.001] | |||
| Neg cognitions/mood* Pain | −0.01 [−0.01, −0.002] |
Note: Ref = reference group for self-reported race/ethnicity covariate (White is reference group). We ran each model with stratified samples of men and women separately. In model 1 we entered main effects of PTSD (PCL-5 scores) and pain (POQ scores) as well as all covariates. In model 2 we entered overall PTSD (PCL-5 scores) interacting with pain (POQ scores) as well as all covariates. In model 3 we entered main effects of PTSD symptom clusters (PCL-5 subscale scores) and pain (POQ scores). In model 4 we entered a taxonomy of interactions between PTSD symptom clusters (PCL-5 subscale scores) and pain (POQ scores). For parsimony, interactions that were not significant were removed. Values above represent our final model of PTSD symptom clusters and pain predicting alcohol use disorder (AUDIT scores) for men and women.
BOLD = confidence interval does not include 0