Table 1.
Characteristics of adults with COVID-19 and low-risk vs. known/high-risk OSA
| Low-Risk OSA (n = 199) |
Known/High-Risk OSA (n = 121) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||
| Age*, y | 51.6 (37.7–60.3) | 55.5 (47.7–66.1) |
| Age ⩾65 yr† | 32 (16.1) | 33 (27.3) |
| Male sex | 109 (54.8) | 64 (52.9) |
| BMI*, kg/m2 | 25.8 (23.4–28.7) | 31.4 (27.4–34.1) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Hypertension* | 44 (22.1) | 69 (57.0) |
| Obesity* | 37 (18.6) | 71 (58.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus‡ | 25 (12.6) | 33 (27.3) |
| Coronary artery disease | 13 (6.5) | 15 (12.4) |
| COPD | 4 (2.0) | 4 (3.3) |
| Asthma† | 4 (2.0) | 9 (7.4) |
| Malignancy | 12 (6.0) | 5 (4.1) |
| Current smoking | 24 (12.1) | 8 (6.6) |
| Radiology and laboratory | ||
| Pneumonia | 188 (94.5) | 114 (94.2) |
| PCR positive | 114 (57.3) | 81 (66.9) |
| CRP†, mg/L | 21.3 (5.9–54.0) | 37.1 (9.6–65.4) |
| WBC count†, ×103/L | 5.2 (4.3–7.0) | 6.2 (4.7–8.3) |
| Neutrophile count†, ×103/L | 2.5 (0.4–3.6) | 2.8 (0.7–4.8) |
| Lymphocyte count, ×103/L | 0.8 (0.1–1.4) | 0.9 (0.2–1.4) |
| Platelet count, ×103/L | 198 (159–258) | 207 (158–258) |
| Hospitalization | ||
| At referral† | 104 (52.3) | 77 (63.6) |
| During the study period‡ | 139 (69.8) | 103 (85.1) |
| ICU during the study period‡ | 5 (2.5) | 14 (11.6) |
| Treatment | ||
| Chloroquine | 171 (85.9) | 110 (90.9) |
| Azithromycin | 94 (47.2) | 58 (47.9) |
| Favipiravir | 47 (23.6) | 41 (33.9) |
| Oseltamivir | 49 (24.6) | 25 (20.7) |
| Lopinavir | 3 (1.5) | 8 (6.6) |
| Tocilizumab | 24 (12.1) | 16 (13.2) |
| Systemic steroids | 2 (1.0) | 5 (4.1) |
| Anticoagulant† | 101 (50.8) | 76 (62.2) |
| Supplemental oxygen‡ | 51 (25.6) | 53 (43.8) |
| Berlin questionnaire symptoms | ||
| Louder snoring* | 5 (2.5) | 59 (48.8) |
| Frequent snoring (⩾3–4 times/wk)* | 10 (5.0) | 78 (64.5) |
| Subcategory 1*, louder and/or frequent snoring | 11 (5.5) | 99 (81.8) |
| Subcategory 2†, breathing pauses (⩾3–4 times/wk) | 7 (3.5) | 12 (9.9) |
| Subcategory 3*, morning and/or daytime sleepiness | 52 (26.1) | 72 (59.5) |
| Modified high-risk OSA*, at least 2 subcategories positive | 9 (4.5) | 61 (50.4) |
| Study sites‡ | ||
| KUH (n = 154) | 98 (49.2) | 56 (46.3) |
| KHAH (n = 100) | 70 (35.2) | 30 (24.8) |
| MUH (n = 66) | 31 (15.6) | 35 (28.9) |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease; CRP = C-reactive protein; ICU = intensive care unit; KHAH = Koc Healthcare American Hospital; KUH = Koc University Hospital; MUH = Marmara University Hospital; OSA = obstructive sleep apnea; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; WBC = white blood cell.
Continuous variables are expressed as median (boundaries of interquartile ranges), and categorical variables are given in counts (percentages).
*
P < 0.001.
†
P < 0.05.
‡
P < 0.01.