TABLE 1.
Changes (mean ± SD) in maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVC-ISO) torque at four different angles (10°: MVC-ISO10, 50°: MVC-ISO50, 90°: MVC-ISO90, and 130°: MVC-ISO130), concentric contraction (MVC-CON) at two different velocities (60°/s: MVC-CON60, 180°/s: MVC-CON180), eccentric contraction (MVC-ECC), and muscle thickness (biceps brachii plus brachialis) at the 50% (MT50), 60% (MT60), and 70%(MT70) of the proximal-distal distance of the upper arm of the trained and non-trained arms before (PRE) and after (POST) 5-weeks training at more extended elbow joint angles (EXT) or more flexed elbow joint angles (FLE), and control group without training.
| Trained arm | Non-trained arm | ||||||
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| Variables | Group | Pre | Post | ANOVA results, partial η 2 (η p2) | Pre | Post | ANOVA results, partial η 2 (η p2) |
| MVC-ISO10 (Nm) | EXT | 25.0 ± 6.61 | 27.9 ± 6.5 | T:F = 13.10, ηp2 = 0.31 | 24.2 ± 5.2 | 25.8 ± 6.2 | T:F = 2.26, ηp2 = 0.07 |
| FLE | 29.0 ± 9.1 | 31.7 ± 10.4 | G × T:F = 0.86, ηp2 = 0.06 | 26.8 ± 11.0 | 28.7 ± 11.7 | G × T:F = 0.29, ηp2 = 0.02 | |
| Control | 23.4 ± 5.5 | 24.4 ± 6.5 | 21.4 ± 8.1 | 21.7 ± 7.3 | |||
| MVC-ISO50 (Nm) | EXT | 35.5 ± 8.6 | 40.5 ± 9.0* | T:F = 4.52, ηp2 = 0.14 | 32.1 ± 9.3 | 36.1 ± 8.6* | T:F = 1.17, ηp2 = 0.04 |
| FLE | 42.3 ± 13.9 | 43.2 ± 14.3 | G × T:F = 6.23, ηp2 = 0.31 | 39.6 ± 17.0 | 39.9 ± 15.4 | G × T:F = 4.28, ηp2 = 0.23 | |
| Control | 38.7 ± 11.7 | 37.4 ± 12.0 | 35.0 ± 12.9 | 33.3 ± 11.5 | |||
| MVC-ISO90 (Nm) | EXT | 37.7 ± 9.2 | 42.6 ± 9.8* | T:F = 1.09, ηp2 = 0.04 | 33.8 ± 9.7 | 39.1 ± 8.6* | T:F = 3.75, ηp2 = 0.11 |
| FLE | 47.4 ± 17.6 | 49.0 ± 16.6 | G × T:F = 3.93, ηp2 = 0.21 | 42.4 ± 14.8 | 41.8 ± 14.6 | G × T:F = 6.69, ηp2 = 0.32 | |
| Control | 45.6 ± 16.6 | 42.6 ± 14.1 | 39.5 ± 12.4 | 39.3 ± 11.3 | |||
| MVC-ISO130 (Nm) | EXT | 27.4 ± 8.0 | 33.3 ± 10.4 | T:F = 3.28, ηp2 = 0.11 | 25.1 ± 7.9 | 30.1 ± 9.6 | T:F = 1.90, ηp2 = 0.06 |
| FLE | 33.5 ± 14.5 | 35.5 ± 14.6 | G × T:F = 1.87, ηp2 = 0.12 | 31.4 ± 12.5 | 31.0 ± 13.6 | G × T:F = 3.13, ηp2 = 0.18 | |
| Control | 38.8 ± 14.5 | 38.2 ± 13.4 | 34.0 ± 14.4 | 33.8 ± 11.0 | |||
| MVC-CON60 (Nm) | EXT | 30.3 ± 8.4 | 35.4 ± 7.3* | T:F = 6.99, ηp2 = 0.19 | 28.2 ± 6.0 | 33.1 ± 6.3* | T:F = 4.74, ηp2 = 0.14 |
| FLE | 33.1 ± 12.7 | 36.3 ± 11.7 | G × T:F = 5.54, ηp2 = 0.28 | 31.7 ± 12.2 | 32.4 ± 12.9 | G × T:F = 5.03, ηp2 = 0.26 | |
| Control | 32.7 ± 7.9 | 30.9 ± 9.0 | 29.9 ± 9.4 | 29.2 ± 8.8 | |||
| MVC-CON180 (Nm) | EXT | 23.0 ± 7.2 | 27.0 ± 7.0* | T:F = 6.56, ηp2 = 0.19 | 22.5 ± 6.7 | 25.0 ± 7.1 | T:F = 7.57, ηp2 = 0.21 |
| FLE | 26.1 ± 8.7 | 26.6 ± 8.7 | G × T:F = 3.57, ηp2 = 0.20 | 23.9 ± 9.6 | 24.8 ± 9.5 | G × T:F = 1.89, ηp2 = 0.12 | |
| Control | 21.7 ± 5.8 | 22.2 ± 6.3 | 20.4 ± 5.3 | 20.8 ± 6.3 | |||
| MVC-ECC (Nm) | EXT | 41.8 ± 12.1 | 48.4 ± 10.1* | T:F = 11.5, ηp2 = 0.28 | 39.0 ± 10.7 | 43.1 ± 9.4* | T:F = 9.07, ηp2 = 0.24 |
| FLE | 45.1 ± 15.8 | 46.1 ± 15.6 | G × T:F = 3.99, ηp2 = 0.22 | 41.8 ± 15.4 | 42.4 ± 16.1 | G × T:F = 2.55, ηp2 = 0.15 | |
| Control | 48.0 ± 14.8 | 49.8 ± 14.5 | 45.2 ± 13.4 | 46.6 ± 12.9 | |||
| MT50 (mm) | EXT | 21.8 ± 4.4 | 22.9 ± 4.2* | T:F = 9.70, ηp2 = 0.25 | 20.6 ± 4.0 | 20.4 ± 4.9 | T:F = 0.10, ηp2 < 0.01 |
| FLE | 21.9 ± 5.1 | 22.7 ± 5.1* | G × T:F = 6.91, ηp2 = 0.32 | 20.5 ± 5.1 | 20.5 ± 4.8 | G × T:F = 0.92, ηp2 = 0.06 | |
| Control | 21.5 ± 4.2 | 21.1 ± 4.7 | 20.1 ± 4.0 | 20.2 ± 3.6 | |||
| MT60 (mm) | EXT | 21.8 ± 4.1 | 23.3 ± 4.0* | T:F = 25.4, ηp2 = 0.47 | 20.5 ± 4.6 | 20.6 ± 4.6 | T:F = 2.33, ηp2 = 0.07 |
| FLE | 21.9 ± 5.3 | 23.0 ± 5.6* | G × T:F = 5.93, ηp2 = 0.29 | 19.9 ± 4.9 | 20.2 ± 4.8 | G × T:F = 0.47, ηp2 = 0.03 | |
| Control | 21.3 ± 4.5 | 21.4 ± 4.7 | 20.3 ± 3.5 | 20.7 ± 3.7 | |||
| MT70 (mm) | EXT | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 26.7 ± 3.6* | T:F = 55.5, ηp2 = 0.66 | 21.9 ± 4.1 | 22.2 ± 4.1 | T:F = 7.71, ηp2 = 0.21 |
| FLE | 23.5 ± 5.0 | 24.0 ± 5.0 | G × T:F = 27.7, ηp2 = 0.66 | 21.4 ± 5.0 | 21.6 ± 5.3 | G × T:F = 0.78, ηp2 = 0.02 | |
| Control | 22.8 ± 4.6 | 23.2 ± 4.4 | 21.8 ± 4.0 | 22.2 ± 3.8 | |||
The two-way ANOVA results (T: time effect, G × T: group × time interaction effect; F-value) and partial η2 (ηp2) are shown for the trained and non-trained arms. *: significant (p < 0.05) difference from the PRE value.