Table 2.

Summary of Covariate Analyses

	N	Mean	SD	P
Age
≥40	105	87.8	11.6	0.55
<40	23	85.7	14.0
Sex
Male	69	87.3	12.4	0.996
Female	59	87.6	11.7
Location
Cervical	34	87.6	14.0	0.509
Lumbar	94	87.3	11.3
Format
Audio	38	79.7	11.6	<0.001
Video	90	90.6	10.7
Visit type
New	74	88.2	12.3	0.545
Preoperative	26	85.2	11.3
Postoperative	28	87.3	12.0

SD, standard deviation.