Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and outcomes of participants
| Overall (N = 80) | Elective surgery (N = 24) | Emergency surgery (N = 15) |
Medical (N = 41) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | |||||
| Age—mean (SD) | 79.2 (6.6) | 76.4 (5.3) | 75.5 (4.2) | 82.1 (6.7) | < 0.001a |
| Gender—Females % (N) | 38.8 (31) | 50.0 (12) | 33.3 (5) | 34.1 (14) | 0.400b |
| Ethnicity % (N) | |||||
| White British | 93.8 (75) | 95.8 (23) | 100 (15) | 90.2 (37) | 0.727b |
| White Irish | 2.5 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4.9 (2) | |
| Indian | 2.5 (2) | 4.2 (1) | 0 (0) | 2.4 (1) | |
| Arab | 1.3 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2.4 (1) | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2)—mean (SD) | 26.7 (6.5) | 26.4 (4.3) | 25.0 (5.0) | 27.4 (8.0) | 0.472a |
| Nutritional status—% (N) | |||||
| Normal | 42.5 (34) | 75.0 (18) | 40.0 (6) | 24.4 (10) | 0.001b |
| At risk | 50.0 (40) | 25.0 (6) | 60.0 (9) | 61.0 (25) | |
| Malnourished | 7.5 (6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14.6 (6) | |
| Frailty index—mean (SD) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.09) | 0.25 (0.13) | 0.32 (0.09) | < 0.001a |
| Clinical Frailty Scale—median (IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | 3 (3–4) | 5 (4–5) | < 0.001c |
| Katz and Lawton Activities of Daily Living—median (IQR) | 13 (11–14) | 14 (13–14) | 13 (10–14) | 12 (10–13) | 0.001c |
| Delirium—% (N) | 15.0 (12) | 8.3 (2) | 13.3 (2) | 19.5 (8) | 0.467b |
| Morbidities—% (N) | |||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 22.5 (18) | 12.5 (3) | 26.7 (4) | 26.8 (11) | 0.374b |
| Heart failure | 5.0 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9.8 (4) | 0.135b |
| Ischaemic Heart Disease | 16.3 (12) | 0 (0) | 20.0 (3) | 24.4 (10) | 0.033b |
| Stroke | 5.0 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9.8 (4) | 0.135b |
| Cancer | 40.0 (32) | 91.7 (22) | 33.3 (5) | 12.2 (5) | < 0.001b |
| Asthma | 12.7 (10) | 12.5 (3) | 13.3 (2) | 12.5 (5) | 0.996b |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 20.0 (16) | 20.8 (5) | 6.7 (1) | 24.4 (10) | 0.338b |
| Anxiety/Depression | 10.0 (8) | 12.2 (5) | 6.7 (1) | 12.2 (5) | 0.787b |
| Pre-existent cognitive impairment | 2.5 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4.9 (2) | 0.377b |
| Infection source (medical participants only)—%(N) | |||||
| Respiratory | NA | 56.1 (23) | NA | ||
| Urinary | 9 (22.0) | ||||
| Skin | 7.3 (3) | ||||
| Biliary | 2.4 (1) | ||||
| COVID-19 | 7.3 (3) | ||||
| Unknown origin | 4.9 (2) | ||||
| Surgical approach—% (N) | |||||
| Laparoscopic | 45.9 (17) | 65.2 (15) | 14.3 (2) | NA | 0.003b |
| Open | 54.1 (20) | 34.8 (8) | 85.7 (12) | ||
| Outcomes | |||||
| Length of stay—median (IQR) | 8.5 (5–15) | 8 (4–15) | 13 (7–20) | 8 (5–16.5) | 0.177c |
| Length of stay < 5 days—% (N) | 20.5 (16) | 34.8 (8) | 6.7 (1) | 17.5 (7) | |
| Inpatient death—% (N) | 7.5 (6) | 8.3 (2) | 0 (0) | 9.8 (4) | 0.463b |
aOne-way ANOVA
bChi-squared test
cKruskal–Wallis test