Table 5.

The Clavien-Dindo Classification of Surgical Complications [56]

Grade	Description
Grade 1	Any deviation from the normal postoperative course not requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention. (Allowed therapeutic regimens are: drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, electrolytes, and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside)
Grade 2	Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included
Grade 3	Complications requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention Grade 3a—intervention not under general anesthetic Grade 3b—intervention under general anesthetic
Grade 4	Life-threatening complications; this includes central nervous system complications which require intensive care Grade 4a—single-organ dysfunction (including dialysis) Grade 4b—multi-organ dysfunction
Grade 5	Death of the patient