Table 1:

Criteria Used to Define Physical Frailty Phenotype by Fried et al. [6]

Component	Measurement
Shrinking	“In the last year, have you lost more than 10 pounds unintentionally (i.e., not due to dieting or exercise)?” If yes, then frail for shrinking. At follow-up, weight loss is calculated as: (weight in previous year – current measured weight) / (weight in previous year). If weight loss ≥ 0.05 and the subject does not report that he/she was trying to lose weight (i.e., unintentional weight loss of at least 5% of previous year’s body weight), then frail for shrinking.
Exhaustion	Using the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression (CES-D) Scale, the following two statements are read. I felt that everything I did was an effort.  (a) I could not get going.  (b) The question is asked “How often in the last week did you feel this way?”  0 = rarely or none of the time (<1 day),  1 = some or a little of the time (1–2 days),  2 = a moderate amount of the time (3–4 days), or  3 = most of the time. Subjects answering “2” or “3” to either of these questions are categorized as frail for exhaustion.
Low Physical Activity	Based on the short version of the Minnesota Leisure Time Activity questionnaire, asking about walking, chores (moderately strenuous), mowing the lawn, raking, gardening, hiking, jogging, biking, exercise cycling, dancing, aerobics, bowling, golf, singles tennis, doubles tennis, racquetball, calisthenics, swimming. Kcals per week expended are calculated using standardized algorithm. This variable is stratified by gender.  • Male: Kcals per week <383 are frail for physical activity  • Female: Kcals per week <270 are frail for physical activity
Slowness	The slowest 20% of population is defined as frail for slowness, based on time to walk 15 feet. This variable is stratified by gender and height (i.e., gender-specific cutoff a medium height).
Weakness	The lowest 20% of population is defined as frail for weakness, based on maximal grip strength (kilograms) in the dominant hand (3 measures averaged) measured by a Jamar hand-held dynamometer. This variable is stratified by gender and body mass index (BMI) quartiles.