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. 2021 Oct 4;11:19614. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-99090-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Insulin resistance of lean or HFD-fed Gpnmb^-/- and wildtype mice. (A) Blood glucose time line of oral glucose tolerance test conducted in 6 h fasted animals and (B) its respective integrated area under the curve (iAUC). (C–E) Blood glucose of (A) in comparison to female control animals. (F,I) ELISA of insulin and C-peptide in plasma. (J–K) Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), a product of insulin and fasted blood sugar. NC: normal chow, HFD: high fat diet. n = 6–7, mean ± SEM. Statistical differences were determined by a non-parametric t-test/Mann Whitney test for female animals (C,F,H,J) and by a Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc tests for male animals (A,B,D,E,G,I,K). (A) * C57BL/6N (16 weeks HFD) vs. C57BL/6N-Gpnmb-/- (16 weeks HFD); $ C57BL/6N (16 weeks HFD) vs. C57BL/6N (NC); § C57BL/6N-Gpnmb-/- (16 weeks HFD) vs. C57BL/6N-Gpnmb-/- (NC). For all graphs: * p < 0.05; **/$$ p < 0.01; ***/§§§ p < 0.001.