TABLE 3.

Summary of sex differences in highlighted nicotine behavioral studies.

Behavior	Animal	Result	References
Chronic nicotine 2-bottle choice	C57BL/6J mice	↑ nicotine consumption in females	O’Rourke et al., 2016; Bagdas et al., 2019
	DBA/2J mice
	α7 KO mice	↓ consumption in female KO. ↑ consumption in male KO.	Bagdas et al., 2019
	α6 KO, β2 KO mice	↓ consumption in KO mice, no effect of sex.
IVSA	Rat, multiple strains	↑ nicotine SA in females vs. males (meta-analysis).	Flores et al., 2019
	Sprague-Dawley rat	n.d. in earned infusions, lever presses. ↑ SA acquisition on FR schedule in females. ↑ breakpoints in females in PR schedule.	Donny et al., 2000
	Sprague-Dawley rat	↑ SA in males vs. females	Leyrer-Jackson et al., 2020
	Long–Evans rat	n.d. in SA
	Wistar rat	↓ SA in OVX females, restored to intact levels with E2.	Flores et al., 2016
	Adolescent Sprague-Dawley rat	Males: ↓ SA in adulthood. Females: n.d. in SA in adulthood	Levin et al., 2003, 2007
Precipitated withdrawal: somatic	Wistar rat	n.d. in somatic withdrawal signs	Correa et al., 2019
	Wistar rat	↑ somatic withdrawal signs in males.	Tan et al., 2019
Precipitated withdrawal: EPM	Wistar rat	↑ in females vs. males	Correa et al., 2019; Flores et al., 2020
	Wistar rat, OVX	↑ with E2 supplementation, ↓ with progesterone supplementation.	Flores et al., 2020
Spontaneous withdrawal: EPM	Wistar rat	↑ in females vs. males, n.d. following OVX.	Torres et al., 2014

IVSA, intravenous self-administration; SA, self-administration; FR, fixed ratio; PR, progressive ratio; OVX, ovariectomy; EPM, elevated plus maze; E2, estradiol; n.d., no difference.