Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Variables |
Health control
(n = 607) |
NDR
(n = 607) |
DR
(n = 164) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 56.7 ± 8.6 | 57.1 ± 10.5 | 57.4 ± 9.8 |
| Male, n (%) | 286 (47.1) | 294 (48.4) | 93 (56.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.4** | 24.3 ± 3.8** |
| Diabetes duration, years | – | 6.0 (2.0–11.0) | 10.0 (5.0–15)## |
| Smoking, n (%) | 140 (23.1) | 143 (23.6) | 47 (28.7) |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 98 (16.1) | 96 (15.9) | 32 (19.5) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | – | 38 (6.3) | 8 (4.9) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | – | 191 (31.5) | 65 (39.6) |
| SBP, mmHg | 117.4 ± 14.1 | 132.1 ± 18.7** | 131.9 ± 18.6** |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.1 ± 9.7 | 80.7 ± 11.0** | 80.1 ± 10.9** |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| White blood cells, 109/L | 6.22 ± 1.43 | 6.38 ± 1.61 | 6.99 ± 2.26 |
| Neutrophils, 109/L | 3.62 ± 1.16 | 3.65 ± 1.21 | 4.28 ± 2.04**# |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | 2.16 ± 0.55 | 2.11 ± 0.70 | 2.04 ± 0.59 |
| Monocytes, 109/L | 0.43 ± 0.13 | 0.42 ± 0.12 | 0.47 ± 0.18*# |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.00 ± 0.95 | 4.81 ± 1.20* | 4.88 ± 1.49 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.01 (0.75–1.47) | 1.31 (0.92–1.87)** | 1.32 (1.00–2.11)**# |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.30 ± 0.29 | 1.18 ± 0.28** | 1.10 ± 0.28**# |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.34 ± 0.92 | 3.00 ± 1.01** | 2.98 ± 1.05** |
| MHR, 109/mmol | 0.351 ± 0.147 | 0.370 ± 0.119* | 0.458 ± 0.224**## |
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.18 ± 0.68 | 9.51 ± 5.88** | 9.92 ± 6.43** |
| HbA1c, % | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 8.9 ± 2.5** | 8.9 ± 2.3** |
| UACR, mg/g | – | 0.99 (0.65–2.39) | 1.25 (0.78–3.40) |
| Cr, umol/l | 71.97 ± 15.55 | 71.32 ± 52.77 | 90.21 ± 52.05**## |
| BUN, umol/l | 4.62 ± 1.13 | 5.71 ± 1.91** | 6.35 ± 3.23**## |
| UA, umol/l | 375.8 ± 101.9 | 352.7 ± 100.6** | 375.3 ±106.1# |
| Medications | |||
| Insulin, n (%) | – | 189 (31.1) | 75 (45.7)# |
| Metformin, n (%) | – | 399 (65.7) | 103 (62.8) |
| Glucosidase inhibitor, n (%) | – | 185 (30.5) | 52 (31.7) |
| Sulfonylureas, n (%) | – | 169 (27.8) | 55 (33.5) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors, n (%) | – | 152 (25.0) | 39 (23.8) |
| GLP-1R, n (%) | – | 11 (1.8) | 4 (2.4) |
| SGLT2 inhibitor, n (%) | – | 13 (2.1) | 4 (2.8) |
| Glinides, n (%) | – | 19 (3.1) | 5 (3.0) |
| Anti-platelet, n (%) | – | 273 (45.0) | 84 (51.2) |
| Statin, n (%) | – | 431 (71.0) | 112 (68.3) |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | – | 151 (24.9) | 49 (29.9) |
| β-blocker, n (%) | – | 61 (10.0) | 28 (17.1)# |
| CCB, n (%) | – | 87 (14.3) | 32 (19.5) |
| Diuretic, n (%) | – | 10 (1.6) | 6 (3.7) |
Data are mean (SD), median (25th to 75th percentile) or n (%).
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, Fasting blood glucose; UACR, urine albumin to creatinine rate; Cr, plasma creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; UA, uric acid; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blockers.
*
P < 0.05 vs. Health control,
**
P < 0.01 vs. Health control,
#
P < 0.05 vs. NDR,
##
P < 0.01 vs. NDR.