Table 1.
Pharmacological activities of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. and active compounds against proteinuria and kidney injury in DN.
| Natural product | Underlying mechanisms | Model | Experimental detail | Underlying targets | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWPs | Anti-inflammatory | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 9 and 18 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing serum IL-1, IL-17, IFN-γ levels | (30) |
| High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Reducing renal TNF-α expressions, increasing renal IL-4 expressions | (31) | ||
| High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 8 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Inhibiting the activity of JAK/STAT pathway | (32) | ||
| STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 8 mg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Inhibiting the activity of MAPK/NF-κB pathway | (33) | ||
| Fetal Bovine serum albumin induced chronic glomerulonephritis Wistar rats | 15 mg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Inhibiting the activity of p38MAPK pathway | (34) | ||
| Fetal bovine serum albumin to stimulate activated macrophages induced IgAN Wistar rats | 20 mg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Reducing serum IL-1β, IL-6 levels | (35) | ||
| Antioxidative stress | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing renal MDA expressions, increasing renal GPxs expressions | (36) | |
| Anti- fibrosis | High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 50 mg/kg by gavage for 16 weeks | Reducing renal TGF-β1 and gremlin expressions, increasing renal BMP-7 expressions | (37) | |
| Male db/db mice | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Promoting AKT/mTOR pathway | (38) | ||
| STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 50 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Inhibiting renal RhoA and Rock1 expressions | (39) | ||
| Unilateral ureteral obstruction SD rats | 10 mg/kg by gavage for 14 days | Inhibiting renal miR-192 and collagen I expressions | (40) | ||
| Anti- podocyte apoptosis | High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 1, 3, and 6 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing renal VEGF expressions, increasing renal nephrin and podocin expressions | (41) | |
| Adriamycin- induced nephropathy male SD rats | 50 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Increasing renal nephrin and CD2AP expressions | (42) | ||
| Sunitinib-induced podocytes | 40 ng/ml for 48 h | Increasing celluer nephrin and CD2AP expressions | (43) | ||
| TP | Anti-inflammatory | High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male Wistar rats | 100 μg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Inhibiting of inflammation and macrophage infiltration | (44) |
| Cationic bovine serum albumin induced MN male SD rats | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway | (20) | ||
| Fetal bovine serum albumin to stimulate activated macrophages induced IgAN male Wistar rats | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 16 weeks | Reducing serum TNF-α, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-4 levels, inhibiting renal NLRP3, and TLR4 expressions | (45) | ||
| Bovine gamma globulin induced IgAN male SD rats | 100 and 200 μg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels, inhibiting renal IL-1β, Case-1, IL-18, and NLRP3 expressions | (46) | ||
| Female MRL/lpr lupus mice | 125 μg/kg by gavage for 9 weeks | Inhibiting renal JAK1/STAT1 Pathway | (47) | ||
| LLDT-8 (a TP derivative) | Female MRL/lpr lupus mice | 125 μg/kg/2 d by gavage for 9 weeks | Reducing renal IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α expressions | (48) | |
| Murine anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) glomerulonephritis male NZW parental mice | 125 μg/kg/2 d by gavage for 14 days | Promoting renal Fcγ receptor signaling | (49) | ||
| TP | Antioxidative stress | High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing renal COX-2 and iNOS expressions | (50) |
| STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks and 8 weeks | Reducing renal NF-κB, iNOS, eNOS, and VEGF expressions | (51) | ||
| Puromycin aminonucleoside-mediated PAN male SD rats | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 21 days | Promoting renal RhoA signaling | (52) | ||
| Anti- fibrosis | High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 100 μg/kg by gavage for 12 weeks | Inhibiting renal miR-137/Notch1 pathway | (19) | |
| High-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 12 weeks | Inhibiting renal miR-141-3p/PTEN/AKT/ mTOR pathway | (53) | ||
| Activating autophagy | STZ-induced DN male C57BL/6 mice | 200 μg/kg by gavage for 12 weeks | Increasing renal Podocin, Bax, and Caspase-3 expressions | (54) | |
| Puromycin amino nucleotide-cultured mouse podocytes | 100 ng/ml for 4 h | Inhibiting renal mTOR pathway | (55) | ||
| aIgA1 from IgAN patients -cultured mouse podocytes | 10 ng/ml for 24 h | Inhibiting cellular mTOR pathway | (56) | ||
| Anti- podocyte apoptosis | Glucose and TGFβ1 -cultured mouse podocytes | 0.5, 1, and 3 ng/ml for 36 h | Inhibiting phosphorylation of GSK3β | (57) | |
| Glucose cultured mouse podocytes | 8, 16, and 32 ng/ml for 24 h | Increasing cellular nephrin expressions | (58) | ||
| Glucose cultured mouse podocytes | 10 ng/ml for 48 h | Increasing cellular synaptopodin and desmin expressions | (59) | ||
| Bovine serum albumin, carbon tetrachloride, and lipopolysaccharide induced IgAN male SD rats | 100, 200, and 400 μg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Increasing renal nephrin and podocin expressions | (60) | ||
| Celastrol | Anti-inflammatory | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 50, 100 μg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Inhibiting the activity of MAPK/NF-κB pathway | (33) |
| Male db/db mice | 1 mg/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Inhibiting the activity of NF-κB pathway | (61) | ||
| Activating autophagy | High-sugar and high-fat diet and STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 1.5 mg/kg by gavage for 4 weeks | Promoting renal PI3K/AKT pathway | (62) | |
| Glucose cultured mouse podocytes | 0.1, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 μM for 48 h | Promoting cellular HO-1-mediated autophagy | (63) | ||
| TWPs | Improving renal hypoxia | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 8, 16 mg/kg, by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing renal HIF-1α and endothelin-1expressions | (64) |
| Improving renal glucose transport | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 1.8 g/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing renal GLUT-1 expressions | (65) | |
| TP | Improving renal glucose transport | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 1.8 g/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Reducing renal GLUT-1 expressions, increasing renal GLUT-4 expressions | (66) |
| TWHF | Anti- fibrosis | STZ-induced DN male SD rats | 8 g/kg, and 16 g/kg by gavage for 8 weeks | Inhibiting renal Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway | (67) |