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. 2021 Sep 21;8:652641. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.652641

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Copyright © 2021 Fusch, Fusch, Yousuf, Rochow, So, Fusch and Rochow.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Macronutrient content in native breast milk, standard fortified and target fortified breast milk. Lines represent recommended macronutrient contents of 4.4 g fat, 8.8 g carbs, and 3.0 g protein per 100 mL to reach ESPGHAN recommended intakes assuming an average fluid intake of 150 mL/kg/d leading to a total daily intake of 6.6, 13.2, and 4.5 g/kg/d for fat, carbs, and protein, respectively. BM, native breast milk; Carbs, carbohydrates; SF, standard fortification; TFO, target fortification. Under certain conditions single nutrient levels can exceed ESPGHAN recommendations already after standard fortification.