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. 2021 Sep 21;9:714011. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714011

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Copyright © 2021 Deng, Tan, Dai, Luo and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the experiments assessing macrophage-mediated bone formation of DBM-ECM in vivo and in vitro. (A) Material preparation and characterization. (B) In vivo experiments assessing the role of macrophages in ECM-induced bone formation (a) and the effect of the MIF signaling pathway on macrophage-mediated bone formation (b). (C) In vitro experiments investigating the role of conditioned media of macrophages on osteogenesis of hBMSCs and the mechanism of macrophage-mediated osteogenesis of MSCs induced by ECM.