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. 2021 Sep 21;9:714011. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.714011

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Copyright © 2021 Deng, Tan, Dai, Luo and Xu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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hucMSC-ECM improved macrophage-mediated osteogenesis of hBMSCs. (A) Alizarin red staining and OD value per 10⁴ cells of Alizarin red deposited in calcic nodules of different groups. (B) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining of different groups. (C) mRNA levels of osteogenic genes of different groups; ECM-CM: conditioned medium from DBM-ECM scaffolds, Mφ-CM: conditioned medium from macrophages, Mφ + ECM-CM: conditioned medium from macrophages with coculture of DBM-ECM scaffolds. Scale bar: 200 μm for panel (B). **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.