Fig. 1.

(a) Animal biometrics examples featuring unique distinguishable phenotypic traits (adapted with permission from unsplash.com). (b) Three pictures each of three example tigers from the Amur Tiger reID Dataset (Shuyuan et al. 2019) and three pictures each of three example bears from the McNeil River State Game Sanctuary (photo credit Alaska Department of Fish and Game). The tiger stripes are robust visual biometrics. The bear images highlight the variations across seasons (fur and weight changes). Postures and contexts vary more or less depending on the species and dataset and further complicate identification. (c) Machine learning identification pipeline from raw data acquisition through feature extraction to identity retrieval.